Terminology
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| Define near drowning | When a victim survives a liquid submersion, at least temporarily. | |
| Define wet drowning | The glottis relaxes and lets water flood into the tracheobronchial tree and alveoli. At first when fluid is inhaled, the bronchi constrict due to a parasympathetic-mediated reflex. | |
| Define a Myasthenia crisis | When a patient has Myasthenia Gravis and the diaphragm is affected | |
| Define Myasthenia Gravis | A chronic disorder of the neuromuscular junction between the brain and voluntary muscles. It interferes with the chemical transmission of acetylcholine (AcH) at the muscle receptor site. It's characterized by fatigue and weakness that's improved with rest. SENSORY FUNCTION IS NOT LOST! | |
| Define waxin and waning. | This applies to Myasthenia Gravis. Waxing (increasing) is the coming and waning (decreasing) is the going of this disease. | |
| Define Ptosis | Drooping of the upper eyelids. You will see this in Myasthenia Gravis patients. The Extraocular muscle weaknesses causes diplopia (double vision). | |
| Define Electromyography | Confirms Myasthenia Gravis. Identifies all of the muscles involved. Tested by repeated stimulation of a nerve until the muscle fatigues. Can also be tested by having the patient use a particular muscle for a sustained period. | |
| Define Transudate | This is a type of extravascular pleural fluid with a low protein and specific gravity. The primary types are mononuclear, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mesothelia cells. It is caused from an increased fluid in the plasma. (Examples are from: PE, CHF, cirrhosis, proteinuria). | |
| Define Exudate Pleural Effusion | (Pus) This develops through inflammation fo diseased pleural surfaces. High-magnification of exudates showing pus, WBCs, cell debris, and protein. | |
| Define Open penumothorax | This is where gas is in direct contract with the atmostphere, and may move in and out of the pleural space. | |
| Define tension pneumothorax | This is where gas pressure inside the pleural space exceeds gas pressure in the atmosphere. | |
| Define traumatic pneumothorax | This is caused by penetrating wounds. Gas moves in and out. This is also called a sucking chest wound. | |
| Define spontaneous pneumothorax | This occurs suddenly. This could be caused by pneumonia, TB, or COPD. May have no obvious cause. Common in young, tall individuals. | |
| Define Valvular pneumothorax | This is where air from a tear in the visceral pleura enters the pleural space. The air is unable to re-enter the lung since the tear acts as a one-way valve. | |
| Define latrogenic pneumothorax | This occurs during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. This is always a hazard during mechanical ventilation. Other causes include thoracentesis, intercostal nerve block, placement of a PA catheter, and a tracheostomy. | |
| Define hepatic hydrothorax | This is a right-sided pleural effusion that is caused by a hepatic cirrhosis. | |
| What is peritoneal dialysis? | It is where a pleural effusion resolves when dialysis is discontinued. | |
| Define nephrotic syndrome. | This is where bilateral effusions exists due to decreased oncotic pressure. | |
| Define empyema. | This is pus in the pleural space. It is usually removed by a chest tube drainage. | |
| Define Chylothorax. | Chyle is the milky fluid during digestion in the small bowel that is moved to a thoracic duct. Chylothrax usually is seen in neck and thorax traumas and tumors obstructing the duct. | |
| Define hemothorax | This is blood in the pleural space. It is due to a penetrating or blunt chest trauma. (Ex. insertion of a CVP or PA catheter.) | |
| Define subarachnoid hemorrhage | Bleeding around the brain | |
| What is an aneurysm? | A bulging section in the wall of the artery that causes weakening in that area. May burst and cause bleeding. | |
| Define intracerebral hemorrhage | Bleeding inside the brain | |
| What is a Greenfield filter? | (Most widely used) This traps blood clots through the veins as they travel up the vena cava, preventing them from reaching the lungs. The cone-shaped design allows blood to flow around the captured clot. | |
| Define venous thromboembolism (VTE) | This is the process by which blood clots occur and travel through the veins. | |
| Define deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | The formation of a blood clot in one of the deep veins within the body (leg or pelvis). This kind of thrombosis can occur after surgery and may cause redness, pain and swelling. | |
| Define Pulmonary embolism (PE) | Serious condition in which the arteries leading from the heart to the lungs become blocked. It can occur when a blood clot breaks away from it original location and travels to the lungs. | |
| Define Closed pneumothorax | This is where gas enters the pleural space during inspiration, but can't leave during expiration. | |
| Define Pendelluft breathing. | This is where one side goes inward, and the other side goes outward. (Vice-versa) | |
| What is caseous granuloma? | This is where the center of the tubercle breaks down and fills with necrotic tissue-like cottage cheese. | |
| What is Kaposi's sarcoma? | This is a common manifestation in AIDS. There are puplish blotches | |
| Define tubercle | This is where the lung tissue surrounds the area with a tubercle (similar to the granuloma). It is the core of the TB bacilli. It is surrounded by fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Takes 2-10 weeks for a tubercle to form. | |
| Define Postprimary TB | This is the secondary infection stage. This is a reactivation of TB months or years after the primary infection. Live bacilli can remain dormant for decades after it's first controlled. In severe cases, the cavity may rupture and allow infected material into the pleural space or airways. | |
| Define disseminated TB | This is where the bacilli escapes the tubercle and moves to other parts of the body. It usually gathers in areas of high oxygen content. | |
| What is miliary TB? | This is the presence of numerous small tubercles scattered throughout the body. | |
| What is the Mantoux test? | This is an intradermal injection of the purified protein derivative (PPD) of the bacillus. | |
| What is an Acid-fast stain? | This is commonly used to diagnose the active TB disease. Ziehl Neelsen stain is a long-time standard. Acid-Fast is easier to read and more common. Sputum sample should be obtained deep in the lungs, and early in the morning 3 days in a row. | |
| What is a Neoplasm? | a tumor that is comprised of an abnormal new growth characterized by progressive, uncontrolled multiplication of cells. (May be localized or invasive. Benign or Malignant) | |
| Define benign | Slowly growing tumor, encapsulated, don't invade other tissue, doesn't usually endanger life. | |
| Define malignant | Rapidly growing tumor, invade other tissue. Metastasize to other parts of the body. Leads to necrosis, ulceration, and cavity formation. Often originates in the mucosa of the TB tree. Inflammation and swelling may affect surrounding airways and alveoli. | |
| Define metastasis | Found in malignant tumors and can go to other parts of the body. | |
| What is a keratin pearl? | Looks like a pink ribbon swirling in a circle. It is characteristic in finding of squamous cell cancers. |
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