Exam one
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| What are the schools in Psychology ? | Introspectionism, Funtionalism, Behaviorlism, Gestalt Psychology , Psychoanalytic Psychology. | |
| What is Introspectionis? | The belief that psychology must be derived from introspective data, (looking into ones self) | |
| What is Functionalism? | Mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to the person's enviroment | |
| What is Behaviorism ? | Describing observation of peoples behavior. | |
| What is Gestail psychology? | How people see their enviorment. | |
| What is Psychoanalytic psychology? | Sigmund Freud, sub con., motivation and thoughts. | |
| What are the approaches in Psychology? | Humanistic psychology, Cognitive, Biopsychology. | |
| What is the "Great Man" or (Great person) perspective? | Key figures played particularly significant and unique roles in shaping psychology (sometimes called "personalistic" view | |
| What is Zeitgeist? | "sprit of the times, broad cultural themes are reflected in psychological research topics and theories | |
| What is the Traditional (old history ) view? | One transcedent reality with growing comprehension, old history of psychology is to emphasize present day psychology, presentist, internal, and personalistic. | |
| What is Total Subjectivity? | No trascendent reality | |
| What is New History view? | one transcendent reality with multiple valid representations. More historicist, external, and naturalistic | |
| What are three perspectives on history? | old history, Total subjectivity, and new history view | |
| What is Internal History? | Histories of psychology are often written by psychologists who wish to trace the development of theories of behavior that have been held by various psychologists, based on research completed by psychologists. (what is written occurs entirely within the discipline of psychology), the "Great man" perspective is central | |
| Who is Boring? | Edwin G. Boring published a book called " A History of Experimental Psychology in 1929. | |
| What was the traditional historical view of the human body? | Leonardo, Michaelangelo, and some of the Renaissance artists performed some dissections to study human musculature. However, they ignored the nervouse system because it had no impact on representation of human figures. ( they could not see the nervouse system) | |
| Michaelangelo paints the sistine Chaple. | Sistine Chael opened 1383 with stars on the ceiling - Pope Juius II commissions Michaelangelo to print ceiling frescoes - Michaelangelo constructs scaffolding, develops fresco technique- works on ceiling from 1508- 1512- so Michaelangelo completed the Creation of Man by 1512. | |
| Who is Andreas Vesalius? | A Belgian phsician, he was the first author of a textbook of human anatomy: De humanis Corporis Fabrica" in 1543, Humanist "Renaissance Man" | |
| Summerize the "Old History" | Around the turn of the 16th Century, Renaissance artists like Leonardo and Michaelangelo were studing anatomy, but confined interest to musculature. Anatomical studies of the brain and nervous system date to Vesalius's work, published in 1543, The sistine Chapel was completed in 1512, Therefore, Michaelangel could not have appreciated the significance of human brains when he painted the "CREATION OF MAN" | |
| Who is Herman Rorschach? | Swiss psychologist started useing Inkblots as projective stimuli | |
| What is the Evolution of the Scientific Method? | Prescientifc: Intuition, generalization--Aristotelian Philosophy (4th century B,C)--- Baconian Scientific Philosophy ( Early 17th Century)--- Modern Scientific Method ( Karl popper, 20th Century) | |
| What is the Scientific Method and who created the modern methond? | Identify and describe the problem, define all variables, Formulate hypothesis to be tested, Design and conduct study to test hypothesis, examine results and draw conclustion, and modify or extend hypthesis. (Karl Popper) | |
| Why is the Scientific Method significant? | It is the only method that is self correcting during the process. | |
| What is the "Endless Debate"? | the "nature vs. Nuture", "Genetics vs. Enviroment", nativist philosophers asserted improtant ideas are present from birth, Empiricist philosphers ( Locke, Hume) concluded that all ideas are acquired through experience. | |
| What are the improtant "isms" influencing early psychologists? | Empiricims, Materialism, mechanism, Determinism, and Reductionism | |
| What is Empiricism? | has two aspects: Philosophical position on nature-nature, vs. nativism ( still debated, though syntheses has emerged) | |
| what is materialism? | Everything is physical. | |
| What is Mechanism? | The future reflects operation of lawful& describable physical processes | |
| What is Determinism? | The future is completely determined by the past. | |
| what is Reductionism? | Lower level of science ultimately explains positivism. | |
| Who is August Comte? | Key figure in Positivism, believed sci. can solve all problems. | |
| What is positivism? | Refers to the perspective and philosophies of science which hold that the scientific method is the bes approach to uncovering the processes by which both physical and human events occur. | |
| What is the "Law of Parsimony"? | also known as Occam's Razor, the best throries are the simplest, created by William of Occam. | |
| What is the Mind-Body Problem? | Major versions: Materialism (body is all that is real)>> Idealism ( spirit is all that is real) - Variations: Double-aspect monism ( one reality which can be described alternatively with two descriptions >> Epiphenomenalism (mind and body influence each other )- Psychophysical parallelism ( mind and body are linked but do not influence each other.)- Emergentism (body causes mind, but imperfectly) | |
| Who is Rene Descartes? | French mathematician and philosopher, his contributions were cartesian coordinates, dissection, reflex action, (interactionist) dualism, Pineal gland, Innate vs. derived ideas. | |
| What did John Locke contribute? | Denied innate ideas, stressed experience "Tabula Rasa", Simple vs. complex idea, Primary vs. Secondary sensory stimuli. | |
| What is the Molyneux's problem: Case study for Nativism vs. Empiricism? | William Molyneuz wrote Locke in 1688, he psed theoretical questions of whether a blind person gaining sight would recognixe shapes... Locke speculated that the answer would be "no", as experience allowing associative learning would be necessary. | |
| What did George Berkely contribute? | All ideas are secondary, Mentalism, Constructivism. | |
| Whos is Johann Friedrich Herbart? | Early advocate of combining philosophy and science, Chair of philosophy at Konigsberg, Textbook in Psychology (1816) Psychology as Science (1824), Educational psychology, Predict order, clarity of ideas (presentations), Math model of "mental mechanics" | |
| Whos is Charles Darwin? | Cousin of Francis Galton, Voyage of the Beagle (Pub. 1839), Theory of Ecolution, Darwin a recluse, Orgin of Secies (Pub. 1859), Contributions to comparative, developmental psychology. | |
| Who is Anaximandor? | PreSocratic philosopher, followed Thales, Democritus, taught Pythagoras, Evolutionary theory- Sea represented original moisture, component of universe, sea gradually dried, animals emerge from moisture, they move to land, humans evolove from fish. Rejected by Aristotle. | |
| Who is Johannes Muller? | Experimental approach to physiology, specific energies of nerves--receptor neurons have an "adequate stimulus"( the kind of stimuation to which they are most sensitive) --other kinds of stimulation may produce activity, but the sensation will be the same. (pressure on eyes produces visual flashes) | |
| Who is Marshall Hall? | Studied reflexive responses in decorticate animals, developed extirpation technique ( employed more extensively by Flourens | |
| who is Pierre Flourens? | French, Identified functioning of CNS, Medulla, Cerebellum: Midbrain, and Cerebrum | |
| What dose the Medulla do? | Vegatative functioning | |
| What is the function of the Cerebellum? | Muscular coordination | |
| What is the function of the Midbrain? | vision and audition | |
| Who is Benjmin Rush? | on the American Psychiatric Association Seal, signed the Declaration of Independence, Surgeon General under Washington, and Social reformer, invented phrencology, physical basis of mental disorders, gyrator cure also creator of the traquilizing chair. | |
| Who is Franz-Josef Gall ? | German/ Austrian, research on brain antomy, developed "Cranioscopy", and refined phrenology. | |
| What is phrenology? | primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. (someone who steals has an area of there brain that is larger) | |
| Who is Paul Broca? | he used clinical method to study CNS and studied the role of the brain in speech, he also discovered Broca's Area of the brain. | |
| What happened to Phineas Gage? | In 1848 a Vermonot railroad expolosion sent a 3- foot iron rod through his head he died from epileptic seizures | |
| What damage did Phineas Gage feel after his injury? | he experienced no pain and no intellectual deficts, but showed a marked personality change ( moodiness and impulsive) both of which he was not known for til after the accident | |
| Who is David Ferrier? | Was a British neurophysiologist, studied localized motor functions in the brain, he used electrical stimultion on live monkeys, pub. The Functions of the Brain, he became focus of British anti-vivisectionist protests | |
| Who are some key founders of Psychophysics? | H. Helmholtz, E. Weber, G. Fechner, and F.C. Donders. | |
| Who is Hermann von Helmholtz | His contributions were Young/ Helmholtz Theory of color vision, measured speed of neural conduction, work on color blindness, afterimages, eye movements, audition, Psychophysiological processes can be measured objectively | |
| What is Young/Helmholtz Theory of Color Perception? | "Trichromatic" theory, Soecific neutons detect primary colors red, green, blue vs. Herin's opponent process theory (red-green, yellow- blue, black, white), Color perception actually involves both aspects | |
| Who is Ernst Weber? | he pineered determination of 2-point threshold, concept of jnd, computed ratios for jnd, preception is not directly related to physical stimulation. | |
| Who is Gustav Fechner? | Student of Weber, Eccentric, neurotic, namped psychophysics (Elemens of Psychophysics, 1860), change in sensation propotional to changed intensity(1850), | |
| what is Weber/ Fechner Law? | S = K log R, method of average error, constant stimuli, limits. | |
| Who is F. C Donders? | Physiologist at U. Utrecht, Doners's Law(1846), studied reaction time useing subtractive procedures ( total processing time= detection+ processing ( decision) + response) |
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