Managerial Problem Solving
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| What is thinking? | "higher order" thinking is consciously controlled mental activity that we experience as reflective thought. Thinking is the processing of mental representations. | |
| What are beliefs? | mental stats that are intended to be true accounts of reality. | |
| What is the primary purpose of thinking? | is to develop a system of valid beliefs that are relevant to our needs and will help us achieve our goals. | |
| The key to understanding thinking is? | Idea of mental representation, or whenever you think of something, that is an internal brain-state that stands for or represents the content of out thought. | |
| 12 Cognitive virtues of thinking? (characteristics of good thinkers) | 1)thoughtful 2)Strategic 3)Unbiased 4)Knowledgeable 5)Validity 6)Clarity 7)Soundness 8)Flexibility 9)Depth 10)Breadth 11)Open-Mindedness 12)Relevance | |
| Master Virtue of cognitive thinking? | Rational. Thinking that reflects all virtues is rational. Rationality is a "master virtue" that encompasses all the others. | |
| What is epistemology? | is the philosophy of knowledge. Deals with the relationship between beliefs and reality. | |
| Philosophers have traditionally defined knowledge as... | "justified truth belief" One knows X if and only if one's belief in X is well supported by reasons and evidence, and X turns out to be true. | |
| 3 Types of Alternative Epistemologies | 1)Absolutism 2)Relativism 3)Fallibilism | |
| What is absolutism? | Alternative epistemologie. Believe that truth is unitary, and that some people know the truth about some things. Knowledge is discovered. | |
| What is Relativism? | Alternative epistemologie.Believe that truth is multiple, each truth reflecting a particular perspective. Everyone's belief or opinion is equally valid. Knowledge is constructed by the knower. | |
| What is Fallibilism? | Fallibilists hold that beliefs have varying degrees of merit, some being more likely to be true than others. All knowledge claims are potentially mistaken. | |
| What is an example of extreme relativism? | Someone who challenges ideas. Ex:There are no experts, but idea that my view is just as good as yours. Ex:they way we interpret art, food preference, cultural, etc. | |
| What is an example of something that is absolute? (absolutism) | Ex:What you ate for breakfast, math or state capitals. | |
| What is an example of something Fallibilist? (fallibilism) | Our theories are potentially mistaken. Ex:Everyday example could be taking a child to the doctor. Parent's seeks advice from dr. believing that his opinion is more likely to be true, all the while knowing that he could be wrong. | |
| 4 types of Questions/Issues for different types of epistemological approaches? | 1)Empirical 2)Conceptual 3)Evaluative 4)Policy | |
| Describe the "empirical" question/issue. | These are matters of fact concerning the external world. They have only one correct answer, which may or may not be ascertainable. An absolutist or fallibilist epistemology is called for. | |
| Describe the "conceptual" question/issue. | Conceptual questions have to do with the meaning of words or symbols. Absolutist or fallibilist assumptions are appropriate. | |
| Describe the "policy" question/issue. | Policy questions are matters of how to act to achieve certain goals:What should be done in the situation-at-hand? They almost always require fallibilist assumptions. | |
| Who was the 15th president of the United States? (question/issue &epistemological approach) | empirical, absolutist | |
| The Rolling Stones are the world's greatest rock and roll band.(question/issue &epistemological approach) | evaluative, relativist | |
| The Minnesota Vikings will win the next superbowl. (question/issue &epistemological approach) | empirical, fallibilist | |
| Do we need to hire more sales people?(question/issue &epistemological approach) | policy, fallibilist | |
| Freedom's just another world for nothing left to lose.(question/issue &epistemological approach) | conceptual, fallibilist | |
| Darwin's theory of evolution explains how life evolved on this planet. (question/issue &epistemological approach) | empirical, fallibilist | |
| Should I get married?(question/issue &epistemological approach) | policy,fallibilist | |
| During the 1900's the Sudanese government pursued a policy of genocide.(question/issue &epistemological approach) | empirical/conceptual, fallibilist | |
| It is wrong to sneeze.(question/issue &epistemological approach) | Evaluative, relative | |
| It is wrong to kill (question/issue &epistemological approach) | Evaluative, fallibilist | |
| There is a god(question/issue &epistemological approach) | conceptual, fallibilist | |
| Define Intuition | a "gut feel" that allegedly leads to correct decisions. | |
| Although intuition can be a fast and easy way of reaching conclusions, it should only be relied on when... | it has a reliable basis. If possible, compare intuitive conclusions with those reached my reflective thought. |
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