Williams' Hebrew Grammar paragraphs 157-191
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| let it be given (hophal imperfect), let it be taken | Qal Passive | |
| Therefore, its name (is called) Babel (literally, "therefore (he) called its name Babel"), Let two oxen (be given) to us) (literally, "let (them) give to us two oxen) | Impersonal third person as passive (subject is sometimes left unstated or refers to no one in particular) | |
| I (am old) and (gray), King David (was old) | Stative perfect (expresses a state or condition) | |
| In the beginning, God (created)..., God (has forgotten), he (has hidden) his face, Rachel (had stolen) them, the land...which (he will have given) you, all the places...where (I will have driven) them | Complete-action perfect (describes the event as a complete whole, with its beginning, middle, and end all in view. the action may be already finished, or it may simply be described that way) | |
| He said, "(I do) not (know)", (I despise) your festivals, (We remember) the fish | Experience perfect (fientive verbs can express a state of mind) | |
| (I testify) against you today, (I raise) my hand [in an oath] to YHWH | Instantaneous perfect (indicates a speech act = verb's action occurs by means of speaking the sentence) | |
| (We will die! We will perish! We will all perish!), My people (will go into exile) | Prophetic perfect (describes a future event as if it had already happened) | |
| If (you had) only (left) them (alive), then I would not kill you, If only (we had died) in the land of Egypt! | Conditional perfect (used in the protasis of an unreal conditional sentence or in an unfulfilled desire clause) | |
| The man asked him, "What (are you seeking)?", before "they lay down", (They will not believer) me or (listen) to my voice, They had heard that (they would eat) a meal there | Incomplete-action imperfect (describes the event without having the ned of the event in view. The action may not have been finished, or it may simply be described that way). | |
| Thus Job (did) continually, They chased you as bees (do), A wise son (makes) a father (glad) | Iterative imperfect (describes an action as one that is done repeatedly, customarily, habitually, or characteristically) | |
| How (can I bear) the burden of you alone?, (They will) not (be able to say), "This is Jezebel" | Potential imperfect (can) (this expresses/denies the ability to do or be something) | |
| (You may kill) my two sons, After I have spoken, (you may mock) | Permissive imperfect (may) (this authorizes the subject to perform the action of the verb) | |
| (Do you want to go) with this man?, If (you want to take) it for yourself, take it! | Desiderative imperfect (want to) (discusses whether or not the subject of the verb desires to do the action of the verb) | |
| You did to me things which (ought) not (to be done), Such a thing (ought) not (to be done) | Obligative imperfect (indicates that the subject of the verb should/should not do the action of the verb) | |
| (you must keep) my statutes, On your belly (you shall go), and dust (you shall eat) | Injunctive imperfect (requests or commands that the subject of the verb perform the action of the verb) | |
| (You shall not commit adultery), (You shall not eat) from it | Prohibitive imperfect (an imperfect verb preceded by לֹא may request or command that the subject of the verb not perform the action of the verb) | |
| even though (I walk) in a very dark valley, If only (לוּ) my vexation (might be weighed out)! | Conditional imperfect (expresses a condition in the future, the protasis/"if" part of a real conditional sentence. the imperfect is also used with לוּ to express unfulfilled wishes) | |
| You shall not touch it LEST (you die), IN ORDER THAT (it go well) with me | Imperfect after a telic particle (imperfect verbs are commonly used after telic particles, telic particles indicate a purpose or goal) | |
| May the day perish on which (I was born), (He found him) in a desert land | Preterite in poetry (some verb forms that look like the imperfect or jussive refer to the past, so they may be preterite) | |
| Then (אָז) Moses (sang), Then (אָז) Solomon (assembled) the elders of Israel | Preterite in prose after אָז | |
| The waters swelled greatly on the earth (so that) all the mountains (were covered) (וַיכֻסּוּ), Abraham ran to the herd (and took) (וַיּקַּח) a calf | Imperfect waw consecutive (typically refers to a complete action, typically is part of a temporal sequence in past-time narrative, sometimes has other nuances such as expressing the result of a previous clause) | |
| lest my father cease to be concerned about the donkeys and (become worried) (ודָאַג) about us, God (and take) (ולָקַחתָּ) a wife for my son Isaac | Perfect waw consecutive (refers to an action without having the completion of the action in view, form a temporal sequence in a future-time narrative, the result of a previous clause) | |
| You would even cast lots over an orphan you (you would bargain) (וְתִכְרוּ) over your friend, All Israel will hear, and (as a result will be afraid) (וְיִרָאוּן) | Imperfect with simple waw (usually indicates purpose or result when the preceding verb is a jussive, cohortative, or imperative) | |
| Accept it from me (so that I may bury) my dead there, (so that I amy show) loyalty to him | Jussive, cohortative, or imperative with simple waw for purpose or result | |
| (Let there be) a double portion of your spirit on me | Jussive, cohortative, or imperative with simple waw for command or request (can be with or without the simple waw) | |
| He removed the high places, (shattered) (וְשִׁבַּר) the pillars, (cut down) (וְכָרַת) the Asherah, and (beat) (וְכִתַּת) the bronze snake (into pieces) | Perfect with simple waw (primarily used when the perfect is part of a series of closely related verbs) | |
| (May) the king (live!), (May) YHWH (establish) his word! | Jussive and cohortative for a desire (strong wish or desire) | |
| (I do not want to see) the boy's death | Jussive and cohortative for a negative desire | |
| (Let us go) and (serve) other gods!, (Let there be) a double portion of your spirit on me | Jussive and cohortative for a command or request | |
| Remember! (Do not forget!) (אַל תִּשְׁכַּח), (Do not eat) bread or (drink) water! | Jussive with אַל for negative command (often applies to a specific situation rather than a general prohibition) | |
| Bring it to me (so that I may eat) | Jussive or cohortative with waw for purpose or result | |
| (Be courageous) and (strong)!, (Come up) (עֲלוּ) from Jordan | Imperative for command or request | |
| Come and let me advise you (so that you may save) (וּמַלְּטִי) your life, How can I atone (so that you will bless) (וּבָרְכוּ) the inheritance of YHWH? | Imperative with waw for purpose or result | |
| (Give) me a blessing (and come out) to me; (if you do, then) each (may eat) from his vine, (If you do) this (and I command you to do so), (then you will live) | Imperatives joined by waw for conditional | |
| (Get up!) Make gods for us!, (Come on!) Let us make bricks!, (Come on!) Let us make our father drink! | Imperative as interjection (often used to get someone's attention before a command that follows, this phenomenon only occurs with certain verbs) |
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