chapters 1
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| developmental psychology | concerned with processes of growth and change over the life course, from the prenatal period through old age and death | |
| Physiological psychology | focuses on the body's neural and chemical systems, studying how these affect thought and behavior. | |
| Experimental psychology | investigates basic psychological processes, such as learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, and emotion. | |
| Personality Psychology | looks at differences among people in traits such as anxiety, aggressiveness, and self-esteem. | |
| Clinical and counseling psychology | specializes in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders, | |
| Social psychology | focuses on how people influence each other's thoughts and actions. | |
| indutrial/organization psychology | studies problems in the workplace and other kinds of organizations. | |
| Wilhelm Wundt | established the first psychology laboratory. use of experiment and measurement marked the beginnings of psychology as a science. Wundt called this approach voluntarism | |
| Edward Titchner | structuralism, which was based on the belief that psychology's role was to identify the basic elements of experience and how they combine. | |
| William James | functionalist theory: our rich storehouse of ideas and memories is what enables us to function in our environment, | |
| Sigmund Freud | psychodynamic approach : the idea that much of our behavior is governed by unconscious conflicts, motives, and desires. | |
| John B. Watson | a spokesman for the school of thought called behaviorism, argued that psychology should concern itself only with observable, measurable behavior | |
| B. F. Skinner | the concept of reinforcement or rewards. In this way he made the learner an active agent in the learning process. | |
| Gestalt Psychology | perception depends on the human tendency to see patterns, to distinguish objects from their backgrounds, and to complete pictures from a few clues | |
| Humanistic Psychology | emphasizes the goal of reaching one's full potential | |
| Cognitive Psychology | is the study of mental processes in the broadest sense, focusing on how people perceive, interpret, store, and retrieve information. believe that mental processes can and should be studied scientifically. | |
| Evolutionary Psychology | focuses on the functions and adaptive values of various human behaviors, trying to understand how they have evolved. | |
| Positive Psychology | emerging perspective, holding that psychology should focuses more on the | |
| Multiple Perspectives | different theories can often complement each other and together enrich our understandings. | |
| Naturalistic Observation | study behavior in natural settings. more accurate, spontaneous, and varied than behavior studied in a laboratory | |
| observer bias | the expectations or biases of the observer that might distort his or her interpretations of what was observed | |
| Case Studies | investigate the behavior of one person or a few persons in depth. detailed, descriptive information useful for forming hypotheses. | |
| Surveys | generates a large amount of data quickly and inexpensively by asking a standard set of questions of a large number of people. | |
| Correlational Research | investigate the relation, or correlation, between two or more variables. useful for clarifying relationships between preexisting variables that can't be examined by other means. | |
| Experimental Research | the independent variable and dependant variable are studied using both an experimental group of subjects (participants) and a control group for comparison purposes | |
| independent variable | systematically manipulated | |
| dependent variable | kept the same | |
| sampling | study a small sample of subjects and then generalize their results to larger populations. | |
| Random samples | subjects chosen randomly | |
| representative samples | subjects are chosen to reflect the general characteristics of the population as a whole | |
| Ethics in Research on Humans | requirement that researchers obtain informed consent from participants in their studies. Subjects must be told in advance about the nature of the research and the possible risks involved. People should not feel pressured to participate if they do not want to. | |
| Ethics in Research on Nonhuman Animals | humane treatment of laboratory animals, but animal rights advocates argue that the only ethical research on animals is naturalistic observation. | |
| Academic and Applied Psychology | advanced degrees in psychology. include teaching, research, jobs in government and private business, and a number of occupations in the mental health field. | |
| Clinical Settings | occupations of psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, the job of clinical psychologist, which involves getting a doctoral degree, and the jobs of counseling psychologist and social worker. |
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