Linguistic terms used in Philosophy of Language
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| Generative Grammar | Approach to the study of syntax: Attempts to give account of grammar that will predict the word-combinations that will form grammatical sentences. | |
| Syntax | Study of rules governing the structure of sentences, determining grammaticality (or can refer to the rules themselves). | |
| Morphology | Field of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words. | |
| Transformational Generative Grammar | A grammar developed (of a natural language, especially). | |
| Deep Structure | Core semantic-relations of a sentence, seeking to unify several related structures. | |
| Surface-Structure | (S.S. or S-structure)Mental representations of a linguistic structure; abstract synthetic representation of an utterance in the mind of a speaker. | |
| Context-free language | Formal language that can be defined by context-free grammar. | |
| Context-free grammar | A grammar in which every production rule is of the following form: V--> w (single non-terminal symbol and a string of terminals and/or nonterminals). | |
| Formal language theory | Set of symbols that can be precisely defined in terms of just shapes/ locations of these symbols: No reference to meaning of expressions. | |
| Synthetic | A language type using complex word forms (high morpheme-per-word ratio) (contrasted to isolating languages) | |
| Morpheme | Smallest linguistic unit w/ semantic meaning; often composed of phonemes or, written, graphemes. | |
| Linguistic Typology | Subfield of ling.; Studies/ classifies language according to structural features to describe/ explain diversity of world's languages according to structure. | |
| Agglutinative Language | Most words formed by joining together mophemes; uses agglutinations (process of adding affixes to the base of a word) extensively. | |
| Fusional Language | Synthetic language that may squish together morphemes in a way that is hard to segment. | |
| Isolating Language | Language where vase majority of morphemes are free morphemes, and considered full-fledged words (as opposed to synthetic language). | |
| Affixes | Bound inflectional/ derivational elements, as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, added to base to form a new base (e.g. the 'ed' of 'wanted', to 'want') | |
| Graphemes | The smallest unit of a written language (e.g. letters) | |
| Lexicon | A language's vocabulary, including words and expressions. A language's inventory of lexemes. | |
| Lexeme | An abstract unit of morphological analysis corresponding to a set of words that are different forms of the same word (e.g. run, runs, ran, & running). | |
| Transitive verb | A verb requiring a subject and one or more objects (e.g. 'John sees Mary', where Mary is the direct object of 'sees') | |
| Root Morpheme | Primary lexical unit of a word. | |
| Tautological | Statement of propositional logic that holds true for all truth values of atomic propositions. | |
| Clitic | A grammatically independent, yet phonologically dependent word, such as " 's ", the affix of "daughter's"; or 'an' of "an apple" (a proclitic, preceding a word), or an "enclitic", which follows the host word, or a "mesoclitic" appears between the stem of the host and other affixes, or an "endoclitic" splits apart the root into two pieces. |
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