the 60 hottest names in the modern middle east
Popularity (by total correct streak): 11
Popularity (by number of users): 2
| Huda Sha'rawi | pioneer Egyptian feminist, nationalist; organized women's social service organization; led women's street demonstration in 1919 Egyptian Rev.; removed face veil-symbolic act; led Egyptian feminist movement | |
| Wafd Party | nationalist party in Egypt; wanted representation at 1919 paris peace conference; governing party (under king) until rise of Gamal Abd al-Nasser | |
| Hasan al-Banna | founder of the Muslim Brotherhood; provided strong organizational and ideological leadership; anti-Western and anti-secular; wanted a grassroots movement; Prime Minister disbands Brotherhood in 1948, then PM is assassinated, Brotherhood blamed and al-Banna assassinated in 1949 | |
| Nuri al-Said | PM of Iraq for fourteen terms; Signed the Anglo-Iraqi treaty giving Britain oil and military rights in the country; supported extensive British role in Iraq; symbol of repressive regime that led to poverty and social injustice; tried to flee country the day after the republican revolution 1958 but was captured and killed | |
| Arab Legion | regular army of Jordan/Transjordan in early part of 20th c.; fought with British against pro-Axis forces; most successful Arab army in Arab-Israeli War, captured Jewish quarter of Jerusalem, West Bank, included some British officers | |
| National Pact (Lebanon) | unwritten agreement between Shi'ite, Sunni, Maronite leaderships; key points: President of Republic a Maronite; Maronites accept Arab orientation of the country | |
| Rashid Rida | collaborated with Muhammad Abduh to produce journal of Quranic commentary; wanted rejuvenated Caliphate; return to true principles of Islam interpreted for modern realities (ijtihad); weakness of Muslim society re: colonialism | |
| Shakib Arslan | Druze prince, supporter of Pan-Islamic Abdul Hamid; advocated militant Islam, pro-Ottoman; published 'Our Decline' | |
| Chaim Weizmann | chemist and Zionist leader; first President of Israel; worked toward Balfour Declaration; signed Faisal-Weizmann agreement; addressed the Peel Commission and met with President Truman re: Israeli state | |
| Hajj Amin al-Husayni | Palestinian/Arab nationalist; Grand Mufti of Jerusalem; anti-Semitic, worked with and recruited for Nazi Germany; met with Hitler; represented by Army of the Holy War in 1948 Palestinian War | |
| Jewish Agency | took over from Zionist commission representing Jewish interests in Palestine during Brit. mandate; ran schools, hospitals, formed precursor to IDF; Jewish government before the establishment of the State of Israel; organization in charge of immigration of Jews | |
| Haganah | Jewish paramilitary organization in BM Palestine; became core of IDF; community didn't trust British to protect against Arab gang att | |
| Vladimir Jabotinsky | Zionist in Russia who established Jewish Self-Defense Organization to safeguard against pogroms; proposed Jewish Brigades in WWI; founded the Revisionist movement (broke off from Chaim's World Zionist Org.): founder of the Irgun militant organization | |
| White Paper of 1939 | British government policy paper that abandoned the idea of partitioning Palestine in favor of a country governed by both Arabs and Jews in proportion to their populations; set quotas on Jewish immigration; limited refugees from Central Europe | |
| UN Partition Plan | November 1947 proposal for the division of Palestine; rejected by Brits and Arabs; fighting ensued | |
| Plan D | a Haganah plan for defense of the Jewish homeland in the event of an Arab invasion; also interpreted as a plan to gain territory beyond what was guaranteed under the Partition Plan; executed in April and May of 1948; systematic conquering and clearing out of villages and their inhabitants | |
| al-Naqba | arabic for 'the catastrophe'; began 15 may 1948 | |
| Free Officers (Egypt) | Founded by Gamal Abd al-Nasser; junior army officers trying to unseat Egyptian monarchy and British advisors; successful coup of 1952 | |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | foreign policy that stated that countries opposed to Communism could be given aid of various forms; applied in the 1958 Lebanon crisis to combat the rising influence of mildly pro-Communist Egyptian president Nasser: provide independent Arab regimes with power to resist | |
| Baghdad Pact | established the Central Treaty Organization in 1955 by Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan; supported by US in attempt to contain the USSR; UK also a signatory, seen by some as an attempt to regain lost imperial territory from India; failed: Soviets leapfrogged to Yemen, Egypt, etc. | |
| Aswan Dam | dam needed to control flooding on the Nile River; US pulled out its funding which it had originally offered, attempting to marginalize Nasser; Soviet Union stepped in to fund the project | |
| United Arab Republic | state formed out of the union of Egypt and Syria 1958-1961; first step toward a pan-Arab state | |
| Gamal Abd al-Nasser | led Egyptian revolution, advocated pan-Arabism, anti-colonialism; closer relationship with USSR | |
| Abd al-Karim Qasim | PM of Iraq from 1958-1963; seized power in 1958 coup elimating monarchy | |
| King Husayn | leader of Jordan from 1952 to 1999; ordered the violent expulsion of the PLO | |
| UNSC Resolution 242 | 1967 resolution demanding the withdrawal of Israeli forces from territories occupied during the Six Day War and establishing the right of every country in the region to live securely within its borders | |
| Indigenat legal code | set of laws establishing an inferior legal status for natives of French colonies | |
| Messali Hadj | Algerian nationalist who founded an alternative socialist organization to the FLN in Algeria's struggle for independence (the MNA) | |
| FLN | socialist political party set up in 1954 to obtain Algerian independence from France; ruled Algeria after independence as a one-party state; still exists | |
| Muhamed Reza Shah Pahlavi | Shah of Iran [I imagine you know this one]; overthrown with Islamic Revolution; economic and social reforms modernized the nation; Western interference delegitimized him in the eyes of the clergy | |
| Mossadiq | PM of Iran from 1951-53; nationalist who opposed foreign intervention; architect of the nationalization of Iranian oil industry; removed in coup supported by US/UK | |
| Tudeh Party | Iranian communist party; blamed for 1949 assassination attempt of the Shah and banned; supported nationalist reforms of Mossadiq; cracked down between 1953-57 | |
| Hafez al-Asad | President of Syria from 1971-2000; consolidated power, ending coups and countercoups; Baathist; ran an authoritarian regime that brought stability; hostile attitude toward Israel | |
| Tikrit | birthplace of Saladin and Saddam Hussein; source of government officials during Saddam's time from his clan | |
| Ayatollah Khomeini | Supreme Leader of Iran after the 1979 Revolution; ideological founder of Islamic theocracy; opposed White Revolution and capitulation; exiled, fomented opposition to the Shah | |
| Viyalet-i faqih | shi'a concept giving Islamic 'jurists' guardianship over various aspects of Islamic life, including governance of Muslim countries; limited vs. absolute | |
| Ali Shari'ati | Iranian sociologist and revolutionary; equivalent of liberation theology; work to hasten the return of the 12th imam | |
| Shatt al-Arab | river in S Iraq that forms the border with Iran for a short distance; territorial disputes and navigational disagreements led to Iran-Iraq War | |
| Revolutionary Guards | branch of Iranian army parallel to the Artesh; responsible for national/border security and law enforcement; fought in Iran-Iraq War | |
| Rentier state system | state that derives its revenues from external rents to its natural resources; government the principal beneficiary; ex. Saudi Arabia; do not need to tax citizens or have strong domestic productive sector | |
| 1973 Oil Embargo | OPEC announced it would not ship oil to Israel's supporters in Yom Kippur War; breakdown of Bretton Woods agreement plus this sent world financial system into recession and inflation | |
| Sayyid Qutb | Islamist intellectual leader of Muslim Brotherhood; contributed opinions on the social and political role of Islam, especially the modern meaning of jihad, jahiliyyah; disliked US; imprisoned and tortured after 1952 coup in Egypt; executed for affiliation with the group who plotted an assassination attempt against President | |
| Jahiliyya | means ignorance of divine guidance, reinterpreted by Qutb to mean absence of shariah, absence of morality | |
| Anwar Sadat | President of Egypt until his assassination in 1981; senior member of Free Officers; launched infitah system (opening door to private investment);led Yom Kippur War; visited and recognized Israel, panned by Arab world | |
| Bar-Lev line | chain of fortifications built by Israel on their side of the Suez Canal after they captured the Sinai Peninsula in the Six Day War | |
| Menachem Begin | Israeli PM who represented Israel at Camp David Accords; was head of Irgun; opposition to Ashkenazi Mapai establishment; withdrew from Sinai Peninsula but pursued nationalist agenda thereafter, seeking to expand settlements; started 1982 Lebanon War | |
| Black September | the Jordanian king quelled an uprising of Palestinians who intended to unseat the monarchy; Palestinians expelled from Jordan | |
| Camp David Accords | resulted in the 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty; Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin engaged in bilateral talks, frustrated with Geneva conference | |
| Hezbollah | shi'a political and paramilitary organization in Lebanon; | |
| Phalange | or, Lebanese Kataeb Party, is a political party in lebanon; officially secular but mainly supported by maronite christians; is now parliamentary majority | |
| Likud | is a major center-right political party in Israel; Founded in 1973 as an alliance of several right-wing and liberal parties, Likud's victory in the 1977 elections was a ma | |
| Ariel Sharon | was an Israeli Prime Minister and military leader; During his tenure as Prime Minister, Sharon's policies caused a rift within the Likud Party, and he ultimately left Likud to form a new party called Kadima; Some of his critics have sought to prosecute him as a war criminal for alleged crimes related to the Sabra and Shatila massacre during the 1982 Lebanon War. | |
| Intifada | was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, spread to israel, west bank, gaza strip; estimated 1,100 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces and 160 Israelis were killed by Palestinian | |
| Oslo Accords | It was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and the Palestinians. It was the first time that the Palestinians publicly acknowledged Israel's right to exist; finalized in oslo, norway in august 1993 (arafat-PLO rep; Rabin-Israeli rep); provided for the creation of a Palestinian Authority; called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank; second intifada= major setback | |
| Yitzhak Rabin | was an Israeli politician and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel with two periods in office; known for his work with peres and arafat on the oslo accords; assassinated by an israeli radical who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords | |
| Yasir Arafat | He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, President of the Palestinian National Authority,[2] and leader of the secular Fatah political party, which he founded 1959; spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination;; viewed as freedom fighter by palestinians, terrorist by israelis; later negotiated with israel | |
| Camp David II | of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. It was an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a | |
| Second Intifada | refers to the second Palestinian uprising which began in September 2000 (ongoing); west bank, gaza strip, israel; Many Palestinians consider the Intifada to be a war of national liberation against foreign occupation, whereas many Israelis consider it to be a terrorist campaign | |
| Hamas | is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant organization and political party. created in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin of the Gaza wing of the Muslim Brotherhood at the beginning of the First Intifada; known for multiple suicide bombings and other attacks directed against civilians and Israeli military and security forces targets, Hamas' charter calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and its replacement with a Palestinian Islamic state; islamism, nationalism | |
| Suez War of 1956 | was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956; The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam |
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