Reference points for the body
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| Abduction | a movement whereby a body part is drawn away from the main body axis or the axis of a limb | |
| Adduction | a movement whereby a body part is drawn towards the main body axis or the axis of a limb | |
| Agonist | the muscle whose contraction moves the joint | |
| Antagonist | the muscle that is stretched in opposition to an agonist's movement | |
| Anterior | located in front of, or nearer to the front of the body; the ventral or belly side | |
| circumduction | the movement of a limb in such a manner that its distal part describes a circle | |
| depression | a lowering of the scapulothoracic joint | |
| distal | farther from the midline or point of attachment to the trunk | |
| elevation | a raising of the scapulothoracic joint | |
| extension | a movement that increases the angle between adjoining bones; opposite of flexion | |
| flexion | a movement that reduces the angle between two adjoining bones; opposite of extension | |
| horizontal abduction | a movement whereby a body part is drawn away from the main body axis on a horizontal plane | |
| horizontal adduction | a movement whereby a body part is drawn towards the main body axis on a horizontal plane | |
| insertion | the more movable point of attachment of muscle to bone; contrasts with the origin or less movable point of attachment | |
| lateral | positional term designating a location away from the midline of the body or one of its organs or parts | |
| lateral flexion | a movement that reduces the angle between two adjoining bones on a lateral plane | |
| medial | directional term meaning nearer to the midline of the body or structure | |
| origin | the more fixed end of attachment of a muscle to a bone; the end opposite the insertion | |
| posterior | towards or at the back of the body; dorsal | |
| pronation | the turning of the palm of the hand posteriorly or downward | |
| proximal | nearer to the center of the body or to the point of attachment or origin | |
| rotation | the process of turning around an axis; moving a bone around its own axis | |
| supination | the act of turning the palm of the hand upward | |
| synergist | a muscle or agent that acts with another |
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