Cognition and Intelligence
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| What is cognition? | The process of knowing, acquiring, processing, generalizing, adapting, relating, interpreting, understanding, and developing problem solving behaviors for situations, people, objects, concepts, and events in the world. | |
| What is assimilation? | The actions on familiar objects in the environment using behaviors previously known. | |
| What is accommodation (cognition)? | Way of obtaining knowledge of new objects and events and modifying old information based on the new. | |
| What is equilibration? | Balance of assimilation and accommodation. | |
| What type of theorist was Piaget? | Nature theorist (born with potential). | |
| What age is the Sensorimotor Period? | 0-2 y.o. | |
| What do children do in the Sensorimotor Period? | Refine reflexes, begin to repeat actions and have intentional behaviors. Object concept and permanence begins. Pursue goals, imitate, active motor experimentation, mental representations. | |
| What age is the Preoperational Stage? | 3-7 y.o. | |
| What do children do in the Preoperational Stage? | Concept development (matching, sorting, identifying, labeling), symbolic play and thought, encounter reality, representational phase, intuitive phase. | |
| Symbolic thought appears during which phase of the Preoperational Stage? | Representational Phase. | |
| What is the intuitive phase of the Preoperational Stage? | When children begin to think in terms of classes, numbers, and relationships. | |
| What is the representational phase of the Preoperational Stage? | When children use language to recall experiences. | |
| Egocentrism, centration, and animism appear during which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development? | The Preoperational Stage. | |
| What is egocentrism? | Child is self-centered. | |
| What is centration? | Child concentrates attention on only one idea, cannot see two ways to do the same thing. | |
| What is animism? | Child attributes human qualities to objects inappropriately. | |
| What age is Concrete Operations? | 7-11 y.o. | |
| What do children do during the Concrete Operational stage? | Reversibility, seriation, classification, conservation, transformation, moral development, symbolic thinking. | |
| What is reversibility? | When things go one way, they are the opposite when turned around. | |
| What is seriation? | Putting things in order (size, pattern, weight, volume). | |
| What is classification? | Sorting stimuli into categories according to characteristics. | |
| What are the three types of classifications? | Relational, descriptive, and generic. | |
| What is relational classification? | Grouping by common function or association. | |
| What is descriptive classification? | Grouping by basis of common attributes. | |
| What is generic classification? | Grouping by general classes or categories. | |
| What is conservation? | Realization that one aspect of something remains the same while another aspect is changing. | |
| What are two types of conservation that children develop? | Conservation of substance and distance. | |
| What is transformation? | The ability to tell how one state or appearance of a substance is changed into another. | |
| What age is the Formal Operations stage? | Age 13+ | |
| What do children do during the Formal Operations stage? | Develop intellectually, argumentative, autonomy and independence, abstractions, possibilities vs. realities, analyses own thoughts, logical efficient thought. | |
| How is the measurement of intelligence limited? | By the way it is tested or the theory used. | |
| What IQ tests assess verbal/performance skills? | WISC-R, Stanford Binet. | |
| What is adaptive behavior? | Ability to perform tasks in the real world. | |
| How is mental retardation developed? | Through IQ score and deficits in adaptive behavior. | |
| What are the categories of mental retardation? | Mild, moderate, and severe/profound. | |
| Describe mild mental retardation. | IQ 55-70, slower to acquire skills when compared to peers, can achieve a third to sixth grade level and skills needed for self-maintenance. | |
| Describe moderate mental retardation. | IQ 40-55, noticeable delays in motor and speech development, can learn simple communication, elementary health and safety habits, and simple manual skills, does not progress in functional academics, can perform simple tasks under sheltered conditions, usually incapable of self-maintenence. | |
| Describe severe/profound mental retardation. | IQ <40, marked delay in all areas of development, can benefit from systematic habit training (time intensive), needs close supervision, benefits from regular physical activity, prone to skin breakdown, nutrition issues. |
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