Spinal Cord Motor Control 2
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| Where are GTO’s found? | Near the muscle attachment. | |
| What is the function of GTO’s? | To monitor tension in the muscle. | |
| Describe the inverse myotatic reflex. | Tension in the muscle stimulates the GTO, 1b fibers of the sensory nerve travel to the dorsal root and then synapse on an interneuron which then synapses on an alpha motor neuron to inhibit the contracting muscle (autogenic inhibition), a branch also synapses on another interneuron then an alpha motor neuron to facilitate the antagonist muscle (reciprocal excitation). | |
| What is the clinical application of the inverse myotatic reflex? | The contract-relax technique for stretching a muscle. | |
| How is smooth muscle similar to skeletal muscle? | It contains actin and myosin and ligands for chemical transition. | |
| How is smooth muscle different from skeletal muscle? | Contraction time is longer, organized in sheets rather than units, controlled by neurotransmitters, hormones, and stretch, resting membrane potential is a lower -60 mV. | |
| What are the neurotransmitters used by smooth muscle? | Acetylcholine and norepinephrine. | |
| What is a 0 on the reflex testing grading scale? | No response. | |
| What is a 1 on the reflex testing grading scale? | Present, but depressed, low normal. | |
| What is a 2 on the reflex testing grading scale? | Average, normal. | |
| What is a 3 on the reflex testing grading scale? | Increased, brisker than average, not necessarily abnormal. | |
| What is a 4 on the reflex testing grading scale? | Very brisk, hyperactive, with clonus, abnormal. | |
| Define muscle tone. | Resistance to passive stretch. | |
| What are the components of muscle tone? | Mechanical (elasticity) and activation (number and rate of motor discharges) factors. | |
| Define hypotonia. | Tone that is decreased below the normal resting levels and the stretch reflex is dampened, floppy. | |
| Define hypertonia. | Increased tone above resting levels. | |
| Define clonus. | A cyclical, spasm like alteration of contraction and relaxation of a muscle when a spastic muscle is put on a sustained stretched, can count the “beats.” | |
| Define spasticity. | A form of hypertonicity that is velocity dependent, the bigger and faster the passive stretch, the more resistance you feel. | |
| What is the Clasp Knife reflex? | You feel a spastic catch and then relaxation when you quickly stretch a muscle. | |
| Define rigidity. | A form of hypertonicity that is characterized by uniform resistance to stretch seen throughout the range of motion of the muscle and is not changed by velocity of the stretch. | |
| What form of hypertonicity is commonly seen in Parkinson’s disease? | Rigidity, the result of too much upper motor neuron facilitation on the alpha motor neuron. |
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