Ascending & Sensory Systems
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| What is the process of transduction? | Stimulus changes the membrane permeability for specific ions->depolarization->generator potential->if threshold is met, the potential is generated to first node of Ranvier->if large enough, action potential to CNS. | |
| What is the general classification of sensory receptors? | Exteroreceptive, proprioceptive, and interoreceptive. | |
| What type of receptor responds to stimuli from the external environment? | Exteroreceptive. | |
| What type of receptor responds to positions of the body in space? | Proprioceptive. | |
| What type of receptor responds to internal changes wuch as O2 or CO2 levels? | Interoreceptive. | |
| What types of receptors are classified based on the sensory stimuli they detect? | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, electromagnetic, and chemoreceptors. | |
| What receptor responds to tapping, touch, vibration, and stretch? | Mechanoreceptors. | |
| What are the two types of mechanoreceptors? | Tactile sense and position sense. | |
| What receptor responds to temperature changes? | Thermoreceptors. | |
| What receptor is also known as a pain receptor or free nerve ending? | Nociceptors. | |
| What receptor responds to any stimulus at a magnitude to cause damage? | Nociceptors. | |
| What receptor responds to light energy (rods & cones)? | Electromagnetic. | |
| What receptor is also known as an interoreceptor? | Chemoreceptors. | |
| What receptor responds to changes in chemicals such as glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide? | Chemoreceptors. | |
| What are the two types of receptors that are based on their adaptation speed? | Slowly adapting (tonic) and rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors. | |
| What is the purpose of slowly adapting (tonic) receptors? | To transmit information to the brain as long as the stimulus is present, keeps the brain continually updated on the status of the body. | |
| What are two examples of slowly adapting (tonic) receptors? | Muscle spindles and pain receptors. | |
| What is the purpose of rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors? | They fire and then fire again only when the stimulus changes. | |
| What is an example of rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors? | Hair end organs. | |
| What are the five types of tactile mechanoreceptors? | Meissner’s Corpuscles, Merkel’s Cell Disc, Pacinian Corpuscles, Ruffini Endings, and Peritrichial Plexi (hair end organ). | |
| What is the sense of static position and joint angulation called? | Proprioception. | |
| What is the sense of movement called? | Kinesthesia. | |
| Where are Meissner’s Corpuscles found? | Non-hairy (glabrous) skin, smallest receptive fields are in the fingerpads and the fields increase in size as you move more proximally in the hand. | |
| What is the purpose of Meissner’s Corpuscles? | Discrimination of texture and objects, sensitive to movement of light objects over the surface of the skin, low frequency vibration, stereognosis. | |
| Where are Merkel’s Cell Discs found? | Smooth and hairy skin, often grouped together in a single receptor called the Iggo dome receptor, found more densely in the distal phalanx. | |
| What is the purpose of Merkel’s Cell Discs? | Fire during sustained indentation, discriminative two-point touch, “bull’s eye” area of sensitivity surrounded by an area of less sensitivity. | |
| Where are Pacinian corpuscles found? | Deep within the dermis. | |
| What is the purpose of Pacinian corpuscles? | Cushioning fluid between the layers surrounding the nerve fiber equalize the pressure stimulus removing it from the afferent fiber at the core, sensitive to high frequency vibration, tickle. | |
| Where are Ruffini endings found? | In the dermis and joints, hook onto collagen fibers, uniformly distributed throughout the hand. | |
| What is the purpose of Ruffini endings? | Important for continuous touch and pressure signals, respond to skin being stretched (significant reduction in finger dexterity when hand is edematous). | |
| Where are Peritrichial Plexi found? | At hair ends. | |
| What is the purpose of Peritrichial Plexi? | Alert and orient to the environment. |
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