Ascending & Sensory Systems 2
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| Which receptors are most important for midranges? | Muscle spindles. | |
| Which receptors are important at extremes of joint angulations? | Pacinian corpuscles, GTO’s, and Ruffini endings. | |
| Which receptors are most responsible for detecting rapid rates of movement and fast vibration? | Pacinian corpuscles and muscle spindles. | |
| What are the two types of pain? | Fast pain (sharp, electric, acute) and slow pain (burning, aching, chronic). | |
| How is fast pain conducted? | A fibers. | |
| How is slow pain conducted? | C fibers. | |
| What is a chemical that excites the chemical pain receptors? | Bradykinin. | |
| Which chemical agent is most responsible for pain associated with tissue damage? | Bradykinin. | |
| Which are classified as the fastest and most mylinated sensory nerves? | Group Ia (muscle spindles) and Ib (GTO) alpha. | |
| Which sensory nerves are associated with the spinocerebellar pathways (unconscious proprioception)? | Group Ia and Ib alpha. | |
| Which sensory nerves are associated with the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination, stereognosis)? | Group II beta, tactile mechanoreceptors and muscle spindle. | |
| Which sensory nerves are associated with the lateral spinothalamic pathway (localized pain/temperature)? | Group III delta, nociceptors (possibly thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors), A pain fibers, travel to homonculus. | |
| Which sensory nerves are associated with the lateral spinothalamic pathway (non-localized pain)? | Group IV C pain fibers (thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, travel to limbic lobe. | |
| What are the primary ascending pathways? | Anterolateral systems, dorsolateral systems, and pathways to the cerebellum. | |
| What are the two anteriolateral systems? | Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic tracts, and spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts. | |
| What are the two dorsolateral systems? | Dorsal column medial lemniscus (spinal lemniscal system) and lateral cervical system (spinocervicothalamic). | |
| What are the four pathways to the cerebellum? | Dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar, and rostral spinocerebellar. | |
| The ascending pathways for sensation from the body (excluding the head) involve how many neurons? | Three. | |
| Pathways take how many neurons to get to the cortex? | Three. | |
| Pathways take how many neurons to get to the cerebellum? | Two. | |
| Where are the cell bodies of primary/first order neurons located? | These pseudo-unipolar neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia. | |
| The peripheral process of each primary/first order neuron receives the sensory impulse from the receptor and conveys it to what? | The dorsal root ganglion. | |
| The __________ process enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root and continues on to synapse with a second order neuron. | Central. | |
| Where are the cell bodies of second order neurons/secondary neurons located? | The spinal cord or medulla. | |
| The axons of second order neurons __________ to the opposite side of the CNS. | Cross. | |
| Where are the cell bodies of third order neurons located? | The ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus. | |
| What do the axons from third order neurons pass through to get to the parietal somatosensory cortex? | The posterior limb of the internal capsule. | |
| The dorsal column medial lemniscal system transmits what types of sensory information to the primary sensory cortex? | Light touch, tactile discrimination (2 point, stereognosis), and conscious proprioception (static position sense, kinesthetic sense, and vibration). | |
| A lesion of the dorsal column medial lemniscal white matter pathway below the medulla will cause loss or impairment of sensations carried in this pathway on which side of the body? | Ipsilateral below the level of the lesion. | |
| A lesion of the dorsal column medial lemniscal white matter pathway above the decussation of the medial lemniscus/above the closed medulla will cause loss or impairment of sensation carried in this pathway on which side of the body? | Contralateral to the lesion. | |
| A lesion in which cortex will result in deficits in the contralateral UE? | The lateral sensory cortex/middle cerebral artery distribution. | |
| A lesion in which cortex will result in deficits in the contralateral LE? | The medial sensory cortex/anterior cerebral artery distribution. | |
| What are the direct effects of a lesion of the dorsal column medial lemniscal white matter pathway? | Loss of light touch, conscious proprioception, tactile discrimination, and vibration. | |
| What are the indirect effects of a lesion of the dorsal column medial lemniscal white matter pathway? | Motor control deficits and loss of coordination and dexterity. | |
| What is the pathway for the first order neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway? | Receptor and fiber types are Ia muscle spindles, Ib GTO, or II tactile mechanoreceptors, which travel through fasciculus cuneatus/gracilis to synapse in the closed medulla on nucleus cuneatus/gracilis. | |
| What is the pathway for the second order neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway? | After synapse, the neurons cross in the medial lemniscus and travel through the internal arcuate fibers/medial lemniscus pathway to the VPL of the thalamus. | |
| What is the pathway for the third order neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway? | After synapse, the neurons travel through the posterior limb of the internal capsule to synapse in the appropriate part of the sensory homunculus of the primary sensory area (3, 1, 2). |
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