Lab Quiz?
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| The four wide-spectrum antibiotics are: | ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline | |
| AK | amikacin | |
| AM | ampicillin | |
| CB | carbenicillin | |
| CF | cephalothin | |
| CM | chloramphenicol | |
| CC | clindamycin | |
| E/EM | erythromycin | |
| GM | gentamicin | |
| DP | methicillin | |
| NA | nalidixic acid | |
| NF | nitrofurantoin | |
| PN | penicillin | |
| S/SM | streptomycin | |
| TO | tobramycin | |
| VM | vancomycin | |
| N | neomycin | |
| CZ | cefazolin | |
| TE | tetracycline | |
| CIP | cipro | |
| CB | carbenicillin | |
| AM | ampicillin | |
| Kills pathogens on INANIMATE objects: | disinfectant | |
| Kills pathogens on ANIMATE objects: | antiseptic | |
| Acids | inactivate enzymes, denature proteins, generally kill bacteria though at high concentrations they will kill much more | |
| Alcohols | generally are bactericidal, surfactants, also coagulate proteins. Used as skin antiseptic, most effectively at 50-70% concentration. Cheapest and most readily available. | |
| Phenol | Phenols kill almost everything, bacteria fungi viruses Tb but not spores, generally by damaging plasma membranes. | |
| Halogens | iodine and chlorine; Halogens kill all, through inactivation of proteins | |
| iodine tincture | generally 1-2% iodine in alcohol and is used for wounds (skin antiseptic) | |
| Aldehydes | formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde;VERY toxic and thus use is restricted, and aldehydes kill all, by inactivating proteins | |
| heavy metals | generally are just bactericidal, precipitate proteins | |
| soaps | emulsifiers and surfactants, wash away microorganisms | |
| emulsifiers | break down oils | |
| surfactants | decrease surface tension | |
| cationic detergents | capable of solubilizing the cell membranes of microorganisms and are thus able to kill bacteria and fungi | |
| gases | kill all due to their ability to penetrate and denature proteins | |
| hydrogen peroxide | mild antiseptic in that it only kills anaerobic microorganisms | |
| dyes | crystal violet, basic fuchsin and eosin-methylene blue (EMB) are dyes that inhibit the growth of gram positive bacteria | |
| Three categories of disinfectants/antiseptics that kill all: | halogens, aldehydes, and gases | |
| penicillins | inhibit cell wall synthesis of gram positive bacteria | |
| What is used when penicillin allergies are present? | erythromycin | |
| cephalosporins | inhibit cell wall synthesis | |
| aminoglycosides | inhibit protein synthesis in gram negative bacteria | |
| tetracyclines | broad spectrum, inhibit protein synthesis | |
| erythromicin | effective against gram positive bacteria | |
| TB drugs: | rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, PASA, and isoniazid | |
| vancomycin | interferes with cell wall synthesis | |
| chloramphenicol | broad spectrum with severe side effects | |
| sulfa drugs | competitive inhibitors effective against gram positive bacteria |
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