Basal Ganglia
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| How many basal ganglia nuclei? | Nine. | |
| Where are the nine basal ganglia nuclei found? | The telencephalon, diencephalon, and midbrain. | |
| What are the functions of the basal ganglia? | Modulation, planning, and execution of complex motor tasks, control of fast (saccadic) eye movements, establishment of motor memories, impact on psychological well being, and production of an emotional response (due to connection with limbic area). | |
| What are the components or anatomy of the basal ganglia? | Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum. | |
| What is the major output nuclei of the basal ganglia? | The internal segment of the globus pallidus. | |
| What part of the basal ganglia is involved in an inhibitory connection with the putamen and the subthalamic nucleus? | The external segment of the globus pallidus. | |
| What are the two separate sections of the substantia nigra? | The substantia nigra pars reticulata and the substantia nigra compacta. | |
| Information can be modulated in the input section of the basal ganglia by _____ ? | Intrinsic neurons. | |
| What is the receptive portion of the basal ganglia? | Nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, and putamen. | |
| What is the modification portion of the basal ganglia? | Subthalamic nucleus, external segment of the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra compacta. | |
| What is the projection portion of the basal ganglia? | Ventral pallidum, internal segment of the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra reticulata. | |
| What is the clinical result of an overactive indirect pathway? | Akinesia, rigidity. | |
| What is the clinical result of an underactive indirect pathway? | Chorea, hemiballismus. | |
| What is the clinical result of an overactive direct pathway? | Dystonia, athetosis, tics. | |
| What is the clinical result of an underactive direct pathway? | Bradykinesia. | |
| Which disease results from decreased dopamine from the substantia nigra compacta? | Parkinson’s. | |
| Which disease results from decreased putaminal activity of the GABA-ENK network? | Early Huntington’s. | |
| Which disease results from decreased putaminal activity of both types of GABA networks? | Late Huntington’s. | |
| Which disease results from subthalamic nucleus lesions? | Hemiballismus. | |
| Which diseases result from over activity of the putamen? | Dystonia and tics. |
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