Autonomic Nervous System
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| Explain the functions of the autonomic nervous system. | Controls body’s internal environment/homeostasis, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration, and blood pH through a complex series of reflex actions. | |
| In the ANS how many nerves lie between the CNS and the organ. | Two. | |
| What is the pathway for the nerves from the CNS to the organ? | CNS to preganglionic nerve to ganglion, to postganglionic nerve to organ. | |
| Identify the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system. | Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. | |
| Describe the enteric subdivision of the ANS. | Lies entirely outside the CNS, composed of the myenteric and submucosal plexi. | |
| Describe the sympathetic subdivision of the ANS. | Comes from the intermediolateral nucleus in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. | |
| Describe the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic subdivision. | Short, synapse in the sympathetic chains, myelinated. | |
| Describe the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic subdivision. | Long, synapse on the respective organ, unmyelinated. | |
| What neurotransmitter is used by the preganglionic nerve? | ACh. | |
| What neurotransmitter is used by the postganglionic nerve? | Mostly NE, but ACh is utilized by sweat glands, piloerector muscles, some blood vessels, and the adrenal medulla. | |
| Describe how the adrenal medulla is an exception to the usual neuron pattern. | It receives preganglionic innervation directly from the spinal cord without an intervening synapse, it is the only connection between the nervous system and the blood (NE and E). | |
| Describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS. | Craniosacral flow, preganglionic neurons originate in brainstem nuclei or in the sacral spinal cord S2-S4. | |
| What are the brainstem nuclei in which the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS originate? | Edinger-Westphal (CN III), salivatory (CN VII), dorsal motor (CN X), nucleus ambiguous (CN IX). | |
| What neurotransmitter is used by preganglionic and postganglionic nerves of the parasympathetic division of the ANS. | ACh, no exceptions. | |
| Identify the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on a patient. | Fight or flight branch of the ANS (dilation), increases CO, RR, and blood glucose, routes blood to muscles, decreases kidney filtration and digestion, not required for daily living, but essential for stressful situations. |
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