Vestibular System
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| What are the functions of the vestibular system? | Head stability, muscle/postural tone, body awareness, balance, integration of two sides of the body, ocular function (esp CN III, IV, & VI), proprioception, auditory processing. | |
| How do you evaluate the integrity of the vestibular system? | Standing/walking balance, prone extension, supine flexion, extensor muscle hypotonicity, proximal joint stability, oculomotor examination (rotational/nystagmus testing), caloric testing. | |
| What are the three parts to the vestibular system? | Peripheral sensory apparatus, central processor, and mechanism for motor output (VOR, VSR). | |
| What does the peripheral sensory apparatus of the inner ear consist of? | The bony and the membranous labyrinth. | |
| Describe the bony labyrinth. | Makes up the 3 semicircular canals and the vestibule, contains perilymph. | |
| Describe the membranous labyrinth. | Suspended in the bony labyrinth, contains the membranous portions of the semicircular canals and the two otolith organs, contains endolymph. | |
| What are the two otolith organs? | The utricle and the saccule. | |
| Where are the hair cells found? | In the ampula of each semicircular canal and in the otoliths. | |
| Hair cells in the ampula of the semicircular canal rest on what? | The crista ampullaris, a tuft of blood vessels, nerve tissue, and supporting tissue. | |
| Define cupula. | A gelatinous membrane that helps direct the flow of endolymph over the hair cells. | |
| Hair cells in the otoliths are embedded in what structure? | The macula, found in the medial wall of the saccule and in the floor of the utricle. | |
| Define ototonia. | Calcium crystals found on a membrane that lies over the hair cells in the otoliths. | |
| What makes the otoliths more sensitive the gravity? | The mass of the macula is more than the cupula. | |
| What are the two types of hair cells projecting from the macula? | Type 1: flask shaped, and type 2: cylinder shaped. | |
| When does depolarization (facilitation) occur? | When stereocilia are bent towards the kinocilia. | |
| When does hyperpolarization (inhibition) occur? | When stereocilia are bent away from the kinocilia. |
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