SOCI 2013 vocabulary and key notes from SOC textbook and Dr. Lori Holyfield's lecture
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| content analysis | data collection method that systematically examines examples of some form of communication. | |
| control group | he group of subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable. | |
| deductive reasoning | reasoning that begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then tested through data collection. | |
| dependent variable | the outcome, which may be affected by the independent variable. | |
| experiment | a carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure the effects. | |
| experimental group | the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable. | |
| field research | data collection by systematically observing people in their natural surroundings. | |
| hypothesis | a statement of a relationship between two or more variables that researchers want to test. | |
| independent variable | a characteristic that determines or has an effect on the dependent variable. | |
| inductive reasoning | reasoning that begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection and the development of a general conclusion or theory. | |
| nonprobability sample | a sample for which little or no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population. | |
| population | any well-defined group of people (or things) about whom researchers want to know something. | |
| probability sample | a sample for which each person (or thing, such as an e-mail address) has an equal chance of being selected because the selection is random. | |
| qualitative research | research that examines nonnumerical material and interprets it. | |
| quantitative research | research that focuses on a numerical analysis of people's responses or specific characteristics. | |
| reliability | the consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time | |
| sample | a group of people (or things) that are representative of the population that researchers wish to study. | |
| scientific method | the steps in the research process that include careful data collection, exact measurement, accurate recording and analysis of the findings, thoughtful interpretation of results, and, when appropriate, a generalization of the findings to a larger group. | |
| secondary analysis | examination of data that have been collected by someone else. | |
| social research | research that examines human behavior. | |
| surveys | a systematic method for collecting data from respondents, including questionnaires, face-to-face or telephone interviews, or a combination of these. | |
| validity | the degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure. | |
| variable | a characteristic that can change in value or magnitude under different conditions. | |
| counterculture | a group or category of people who deliberately oppose and consciously reject some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture. | |
| cultural imperialism | the influence or domination of the cultural values and products of one society over those of another. | |
| cultural integration | the consistency of various aspects of society, which promotes order and stability. | |
| cultural relativism | the recognition that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards. | |
| cultural universals | customs and practices that are common to all societies. | |
| culture | the learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society. | |
| culture shock | a sense of confusion, uncertainty, disorientation, or anxiety that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life or environment. | |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups. | |
| folkways | norms that members of a society (or a group within a society) look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment. | |
| ideal culture | the beliefs, values, and norms that people in a society say they hold or follow. | |
| language | a system of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another. | |
| laws | formal rules about behavior that are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators. | |
| mass media | forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people. | |
| material culture | the tangible objects that members of a society make, use, and share. | |
| mores | norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior. | |
| multiculturalism | (cultural pluralism) the coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another. | |
| nonmaterial culture | the shared set of meanings that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world. | |
| norms | a society's specific rules concerning right and wrong behavior. | |
| popular culture | the beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life. | |
| real culture | the actual everyday behavior of people in a society. | |
| sanctions | rewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior. | |
| society | a group of people that has lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit. | |
| subculture | a group or category of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from those of the larger society. | |
| symbol | anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture. | |
| values | the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly. |
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