Hermeneutical Fallacies from the Appendix of Old Testament Exegesis
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| allegorizing | assuming that the components of a passage have meaning only as symbols of Christian truths | |
| argument from authority | assuming that the views of experts or preponderance of them must be correct | |
| argument from silence | assuming that everything relevant to an issue is mentioned in the Bible every time that issue is mentioned | |
| equivocation | confusing a term or concept with another term or concept, thus misunderstanding its meaning | |
| exemplarizing | assuming that because someone in the Bible did something, it is an example for us to follow | |
| false combination | joining two statements or passages in such a way as to produce a hybrid conclusion | |
| false presupposition | basing all or part of an argument or conclusion on incorrect assumptions | |
| figure of speech confusion | failure to understand any of the many nonliteral expressions in human speech, especially metaphors | |
| genre confusion | assuming that the interpretational rules for one genre apply to another | |
| Israel-Church confusion | assuming that things applying to biblical Israel also apply to the church | |
| Israel-modern Israel confusion | assuming that the modern, secular state named Israel in the Near East is the Israel referred to in the Bible | |
| Moralizing | assuming that principles for living can be derived from all passages | |
| Personalizing | assuming that any or all parts of the Bible apply to you or your group in a way that they do not apply to everyone else | |
| root fallacy | assuming that the original meaning of a word always attends its usage | |
| spiritualizing | assuming that events or factors have their real application in some religious truth beyond what they actually say | |
| totality transfer | assuming that all the possible meanings of a word or phrase go with it whenever it is used | |
| typologizing | assuming that certain real biblical characters or things are mentioned in order to foreshadow other real--and more important--characters or things | |
| universalizing | assuming that something unique or uncommon in the Bible applies to everyone equally |
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