Organizational Culture and Change
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| organizational culture | the system of shared beliefs and values that guides behavior in organizations | |
| socialization | the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization | |
| observable culture | what one sees and hears when walking around an organization as a visitor, a customer, or an employee | |
| core culture | consists of the core values, or underlying assumptions and beliefs that shape and guide people's behaviors in an organization | |
| core values | beliefs and values shared by organization members | |
| value-based management | actively develops, communicates, and enacts shared values | |
| symbolic leader | uses symbols to communicate values that help create a desired organizational culture | |
| workplace spirituality | creates meaning and shared community among organizational members | |
| multiculturalism | involves inclusiveness, pluralism, and respect for diversity | |
| multicultural organization | has a culture with core values that respect diversity and support multiculturalism | |
| organizational subcultures | groups of people who share similar beliefs and values based on their work or personal characteristics | |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's membership group or subculture is superior to all others | |
| occupational subcultures | form among persons who share the same professions and skills | |
| functional subcultures | form among people who work together in the same functional area, such as marketing, sales, and finance | |
| ethnic or national subcultures | form among people who work together and have roots in the same ethnic community, country, or region of the world | |
| gender subcultures | form among persons who work together and share the same gender identities | |
| glass ceiling | an invisible barrier to advancement by women and minorities in organizations | |
| biculturalism | when minority members adopt characteristics of majority cultures in order to succeed | |
| managing diversity | a leadership approach that creates an organizational culture that supports multiculturalism and respects diversity | |
| change leader | takes initiative in trying to change the behavior of another person or social system | |
| top-down change | when change initiatives come from senior management | |
| bottom-up change | when change initiatives come from all levels of the organization | |
| unfreezing | the phase during which a situation is prepared for change | |
| incremental change | bends and adjusts existing ways to improve performance | |
| transformational change | results in a major and comprehensive redirection of the organization | |
| changing | the phase where a planned change actually takes place | |
| refreezing | the phase at which change is stabilized | |
| improvisational change | makes continual adjustments as changes are being implemented | |
| force-coercion strategy | pursues change through formal authority and/or the use of rewards or punishments | |
| rational persuasion strategy | pursues change through empirical data and rational argument | |
| shared power strategy | pursues change by participation in assessing change needs, values, and goals |
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