The Rise of Ancient Civilizations throughout the world
Popularity (by total correct streak): 433
Popularity (by number of users): 3
| Civilization | Urban State-level societies, complex social organizations, large territory, centralized accumulation of capital through tribute and taxation, record keeping science and math, writing, public buildings and monuments, all-embracing state religion, ruling elite, site may be state level or chiefdom | |
| Cities | Large densely populated centers, rural periphery engaged in agricultural pursuits in order to feed urban centers, rural/urban interdependence, social interdependence (i.e. between artisans and specialists), small anciet cities = several thousands, large ancient cities = 1 million, cities house centralized institutions (i.e. public buildings, administrators) | |
| Explaining the rise of civilization | THeories follow | |
| Urban Revolution 1) | V. Gordon Childe, surplus food led to the rise of artisan class and metallurgy, artisans need for raw materials led to increase in long-distance trade, trade led to more intense agriculture to fuel trade and to feed large non-farming sector of society, trade and agriculture led to central accumulation of wealth, central accumulation of wealth led to taxation and tribute by ruling elite | |
| Fertile Crescent Theory 2) | James Breasted, Fertile soils led to surplus grains, floodplains of nile and mesopotamia, surplus grains led to artisans and specialists, specialists led to stratified socities. | |
| Irrigation Hypothesis 3) | Julian Steward, Irrigation in mesopotamia, "Hydraulic civilizations", led to agricultural surplus, surplus led to artisans and specialists, specialists led to stratified societies, | |
| Warfare 4) | Robert Carneiro, "Coercive theory", Competition for limited resources in the andes, warlords emerge and take over neighboring villages, eventually large areas fell under control of single leaders, copeting chiefdoms emerge, competition leads to conflict, conquering chiefdoms enslaves prisoners and make them work, (esp food production), appoint close supporters to control new areas, collect taxes and tribute from new areas, large state emerges, common ideology emerges to mask inequalities | |
| Ideological Power 5) | Elizabeth Brumfiel, Ideological commonalities override kinship ties, for example, priests may portary themselves as guardians of ideology wit links to spiritual guidance, priestly rulers become divine (aztecs in mexico), build monuments to legitimate power, as ideology spreads, chiefly rulers control more territory thus the rise of large states, people accept ideology and the social inequality that goes along with it | |
| The Lord of Sican at Huaca Loro, Peru | An example of Ideological Power, Tomb of a shaman, gold ornaments, human sacrifice, an example of ine advanced metallurgy, | |
| Pre-Dynastic Egypt | Title | |
| -5000 BC | Simple farming and herding communities, some villages rise to prominence through control of trade and surplus, ceramics: simple designs, river scenes | |
| -3500BC | Rise of Nile Valley Chiefdoms, Craft specialization, Upper nile chiefdoms trade with sw asia, nekhen (upper nile), "city of the Falcon" (Hierankopolis), social stratification: house decoration, Plum-red pottery | |
| The Unification of the Upper and LOwer Egypt: THe Archaic Period | 3100 bc, Narmer, King of Nelchen conquers nile chiefdoms in Lower Egypt, becomes the first pharoh of Egypt, Narmer Palette (3k bc), reinforces ideology of divine rule | |
| Archaic Egypt 3k -2575 bc | Early pharaohs continue unification, capital at memphis, Establish bureauacracy for administering the state, food distribution, large scale irrigation projects, required written communication heiroglyphs | |
| Hieroglyphs and writing | 3100 bc, greek for "sacred carving", combines pictographs and phonetics, carved in stone, written on papyrus, or painted on clay or wood, facilitates unification and administration of the state, "words of the gods" scribes, inscriptions | |
| Formal Hieroglphyics | Hieratic, Demotic, THe rosetta stone | |
| THe Old Kingdom | 2575-2180 bc, Capital=Memphis, Pharaohs were political military and spiritual leaders "gods on earth", buried in pyramids with extensive grave goods, legitimate power and connection to divine, Power based on control of land, labor and trade, large administration class to oversee daily operatoins, dominated by scribes, food redistribution, accounting, and public works projects | |
| THe Pyramids of Giza and Saqqara | shit | |
| THe steo Pyramids of djosera at saqqara | shit | |
| the great pyramids of khufa, khafre, and menkaure at giza | shit | |
| Pyramids connected the pharaoahs with | the sun, reinforcing their status as divine rulers who would ascend to the heavens after life on earth | |
| The middle kingdom | 2180-2134 bc, 1st intermediate Period, 2134-1640 bc, The classic age of ancient egypt, Science, art, rational government, expanded trade with sw asia, mediterranean state with nubia, large-scale public works projects, | |
| Kahum | Planned city near Fayyum (middle egypt), one of the first planned cities and createed, highly strified reflected a top-down view, Excavated by Petrie (1890) | |
| Life and Death in ANcient Egypt | You can take it with you | |
| The New Kingdom | 1640-1530 bc, 2nd intermediate period, 1530-1070 bc, Center of power at thebes (Upper Egypt), Estate of amun (King of the Gods), Temples of Karnak and Luxor, Public display of power piety in city center | |
| Emphasis on military aspect of pharaoh | Controls territory from Mediterranea Sea to Nubia, Famous rulers, Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ramses II | |
| New Kingdom Mounuments | Temple of Amun at Luxor, Temple of Amun at Kamak, Palace of Moneptah II, UPENN Museum, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Temple of Ramses II at abu simbel | |
| Akhenaten and El-Amama | 1353-1335 bc, heretic pharaoh, cheif wife nefertiti, removed amun from supremacy, monotheistic worship of the aten ( the sun disk), capital at amama, artistic and cultural revolution | |
| Tutankhamun and Howard Carter | 1333-1323bc, restored amun and rest of Egyptianpantheon, Kingdom in chaos | |
| Tutankhamun buried in | Valley of the Kings, Discovered in 1922 by Howard carter, gave goods undisturbed, testament ot great wealth of the new kingdom pharoahs | |
| Late Period and Rist of the ptolemies | 1070-332 bc, Egypt in decline foreign rulers invade, conquer, and rule as pharaohs, Nubians, Assyrians, Persians, Alexander the Great | |
| 332-30 bc, Ptolemaic period allies Egypt with Greek and Roman Civilizations | Rule from Alexandria, Center of learning for whole world, cleopatra VII 69-30 bc, | |
| Artists rendition of library at alexandria, | asfdsalexandria lighthouse | |
| Nubia: The land of the Kush | Territory extended through Sudan to Ethiopia, System of village farmers and chiefdoms | |
| Kerma | Nubia, Wealth from Trade, Rulers buried in large mounds, Colonized by Egypt 1500 bc, Rule Egypt 730-663bc, Conquered by assyria, Nubian rulers fled to meroe | |
| The Kingdom of Meroe | 591 bc, Nubian rulers establish city and rule for 800 years to 350 ad, Trade by sea and land, red sea, indian ocean, overland by camel catavan | |
| The Kingdom of Meroe | Ironworking industry, Height of prosperity in 1st century bc, with regular trade with rome, continue traditions of Egyption rulers, but with Nubian and African influences | |
| The rise of African States: Great Zinibabwe | title | |
| The Kingdom of Meroe | Ironworking industry, Height of prosperity in 1st century bc, with regular trade with rome, continue traditions of Egyption rulers, but with Nubian and African influences | |
| The rise of African States: Great Zinibabwe | title | |
| Great Zinibabwe AD 950-1450 | ad 900, large chiefdom in southern africa, shona peoples, farmers and herders, | |
| Trade Fueled growth of chiefdoms | Located between indian ocean coast and inland farming communities, Trade gold, ivory, and cloth, Ad 1200 emerges as major chiefdom, 18k people, chiefs perside over huge territory, control trade between inland and coast, military state | |
| The Ancient Mediterrean World and Greece | Title | |
| Ancient Anatolia, 3000 BCE | walled fortress cities appear, Land and sea trade with Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean, Exchange copper for textiles and other luxuy goods | |
| Hissarlik (Troy) | 3500 BCE, small fortress with rectangular hall, Early megaroni, Heinrich schliemann 1871-1874), NW Anatolia, on Mediterranean Coast, Wealth from Trade | |
| Elizabeth Peters | no clue | |
| The Hittite Empire | 1650-1200 BCE, Controlled all of Anatolia, Waged war for control of trade goods, especially gold, copper, and pottery | |
| Battle of Kadesh 1286 BCE | Hittites and Egyptians fought for control of Midlle east, Peace Treaty 1269 BCE, Egyptian power limited to palestine, Chariots and light armor | |
| THe Wealth of the Hittites | title | |
| ULUBURUN | (1305 BCE), shipwreck off the coast of southern turkey, Jars (syria), blue glass (tyre), baltic amber | |
| Decline of the Hittites | Lack of maritime power, traders, not sailors, out competed on the water, Bureaucratic upheaval, Break down of feudal system, foreign invaders, Phygians (trhace), King Midas (Gordion) | |
| Minoans | 2000-1450 bc, crete, produced olives, wine, and cereal grains, export food, cloth, and pottery, Known for their seamanship, Stirrup Jar | |
| Minoans | KNOSSOS, (1930-1450) bc, First palace 1930 bc, Excavated by Sir Arthur Evans (1900-1903), 1700 BCE palace rebuilt after earthquake, Mudbrick, timber, and limestone, Frescoes covering the floors and walls, Redistribution and storage centers for surplus goods, Required administration and record keeping, linear A | |
| The palace at KNOSSOS | Minoan Religion | |
| Minoan Religion | Religious rituals centered on palaces, caves, and shrines, bulls sacred, sacrifices made to elites who then transformed into deities, Possible evidence of human sacrifice and or cannabalism, bones with cut marks | |
| Decline of the Minoans | Thera (santorini), Island 60 miles north of crete, Volcanic explosion (1688 BCE), Possible realworld explanation for atlantis?, Explosion may have destoryed part of crete, BUT: KNOSSOS active until 1450 BCE | |
| Mycenaeans 1600-1150 BCE | Greek Mainland, CHiefdoms seperated by mountain ranges, Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos | |
| Took over Minoan Trade | Linear B- precurosur to ancient greek, setting for the illiad and odyssey | |
| Decline of Mycenae | 1150BCE Mycenaean civilization collapses, internal fighting among elites, shortage of food and trade goods, trade suspended, cities dependent on trade are abandoned | |
| Decline of Mycenae 1150-850 BCE | Greek "dark ages", geometric-style pottery, Greek colonies in Italy, Africa, Not sure what is going on during this period | |
| The classical period in Greece | 479-323 bc, City states, or poleis (sin. "polis"), appear by 800 BCE, COnsisted of a walled city and surrounding farmland, many cities also had colonies, Fiercely independenent entities, fought each other constantly, classic example 5th century BCE athens, epitome of the classical age | |
| Classical Athens | Democratic Rule, Acropolis ("high city"), highest point in athens, city's temple complex | |
| Parthenon | Temple to athena parthenos, gold and ivory ("chryselephantine"), statue of athena | |
| Sparta | military state, bitter enemy of athens, united briefly during the persian wars, Thermopylae (480 BCE), Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE), athens and sparta fight for supremacy in Greece, SParta prevails, military power in Greece until the arrival of the Macedonians | |
| Dionysius | Greek god of wine, wine was very important in ancient greek | |
| Symposiums | Ancient greek "bachlor party", hetera | |
| Early Civilizations in SW asia | title | |
| Mesopotamia | Between the tigris and the euphrates rivers, origins of agriculture (Neolithic revolution), "cradle of civilization" | |
| Two Early Upland Farming Communites | Follows | |
| Hassunan of the assyrian plain | 7k bc, small-scale irrigation, hassunan pottery (coarse with incised-dot design), geometric shapes with dot incising | |
| Samarran (baghdad) | 6k bc, small scale irrigation, painted pottery stylized animal and human motifs, small figurenes | |
| Al Ubaid | 5800bc, Early lowland farming communities, along euphrates river, small irrigation canals, suggests political leadership and division of labor, small farming villages of mud-brick and reed huts, 10 hectares | |
| templates (built on platforms of clay and imported stone) | center of spiritual life, priests, food redistribution centers | |
| Clay figurenes | mother goddess, tatoos or body paint, jewelry, head dress | |
| Eridu (abu shah rain) | Patron God Eriki (god of sweet waters), 4750 bc, in what is today iraq, 200 miles southeast of baghdad, ceremonial center that becomes the first large town in mesopotamia, population of 5k, mud-brick temple and large houses | |
| core/periphery settlement pattern | elites and artisans live around temple, farmers at the periphery | |
| housing indicates a seperation in status | yea | |
| Eridu temple | large sacred temple (ziggurat), snad covered site difficult to excavate, multiple shrines built one on top of the other representing multiple periods of temple constructoin, eighteen superimposed temples, the earliest temple (in the center) was a small mud brick shrine with offering table, fish were primary offering, become a central marketplace, reinenforce the power of the elites and the people who lived and controlled it | |
| Uruk | 4600bc, largest city in early mesopotamia, core/periphery settlement pattern, life centered around the temples (ziggurauts), places of worship, storehouses, food distribution centers, hinterland villages incorporated into uruk sphere of influence, outlying areas received protection i exchange for food, well-defined hierarchy from kings to peasants, cuneiform writing (wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets) | |
| UR | 3000 bc, largest city of sumarian civilization, UR of the chaldess in the bible, core/periphery settlement pattern, much of the great zigguruat is standing today | |
| Sumerian state | 4k-3k bc, Uruk the center of the sumerian empire, trade fueled the rise of the sumerian empire, elite desire for more goods | |
| Hymn of ninkasi | transcribed by solomon katz and fritz frytag, early evidence of beer brewing, code of hammurabi, crank beer through lapis lazuli straws, | |
| Elamite state 3000 bc | iranian plateau, city of susa, geographically important (along important trade routes), the center of the elamite state, controlled tarde between sumer and eastern trade routes and thus controlled access to resource and craft centers, example: tepe yahya center of steatite bowl production, luxury items mesopotamia | |
| THe rise of the economic world system | title | |
| political authority | early: temple priest ideology to maintain power, later: priests replaced by secular rulers, reflects the growing importance of trade and the rise of entrepreneurial class, conflict between city states also leads to rise of warrior class and military leaders | |
| Lugalzegesi | 2375-2350 bc, powerful sumerian ruler, oversaw huge portion of mesopotamia, power based on control of trade, which helped spread sumerian ideology | |
| Babylon | 2k bc, returns to prominence after the fall of asyrain empire, led by king nebuchanadnezzar 612 bc, ruled all mesopotamia, walled city, temple palaces, hanging gardens, sacked jerusalem, jewish diaspora, babylon had large jewish contingent | |
| Barbados and the Caribean | title | |
| Caribean region stretches from | cuba to the us virgin islands, trinidad | |
| Caribbean Prehistory | 4k bc stone-age hunter gathers migrate into caribbean from central america (Yucatan region), settle the greater antilles, flaked stone tools, found in cuba in 1492, Guanahatabeyes | |
| Caribbean Prehistory | wild food, tuberous vegetables, especially manioc, exploited marine resources, crocodile, sea turtles, manatee, hunted tree sloth, Cain Rat, Iguana, FIshing, Manchineel apple poison arrows and fishing, Origins of the Taino ANcestors (saladoid); Julian steward circum Caribbean Thwory | |
| Irving Rouse using a culture-history approach | argued that Amazonia, not the andes, was the ancient homeland of the Taino (prehistory in haiti: a study in mehtod) | |
| Saladoid | 600 bc, new migration from orinoco river delta region of south america, migrate up through lesser antilles, reach puerto rico in 250 bc, 1 ad hispaniola, push stone-age hunter gathers back into cuba, small farming villages 30-40 ppl | |
| Caribbean | saladoid continued, slash and burn agriculture, cassava cakes made from the root of the manioc papaya, exploit marine resources ceramic bowls and cassava griddles | |
| Taino | 1200 ad, taino chiefdoms emerge, independent development, descendents of saladoid peoples, core of taino in Puerto rico and hispaniola, some villages of 2k-3k people, cibao in Hispanola | |
| Taino | social organization, caciques (chiefs), duhos (ceremonial charis for elite), nitiano (nobles), noborias (commoners), shamans, feasting, sexual division of labor, conuco agriculture - agriculture process, mounded earth cassava | |
| Taino | Caney, general house, bohios, round house for chiefs, batey ball courts, petroglyphs, short black hair, red and black body paints | |
| Taino dwellings | this type of house called a caney, for general population | |
| Utuado | an important site in the caribbean, where there were stones lined along a ball court | |
| trade | jade from south america | |
| Taino spirituality | zemis, cohoba (tobacco snuff), vomiting spatula | |
| vomiting spatula | placed down the throat after a big feast, carved out of special matieral | |
| burial and grave goods | shell beads, zennis, three pointer, placed on the corners and elbows and feet of the deceast | |
| Taino and Carib | 1492 columbus, Peaceful, no dangerous animals, abundance of food, gold (guanin), | |
| san salvador, bahamas | columbus's landing site, using columbus's journal archaeoligist charles hoffman traces columbus's sailing route, trade beads and copper | |
| 1492 columbus | santa maria, sinks on christmas day, columbus leaves crew at la navidad, fort, gold smelting, returns the following year to find his men had been killed | |
| 1493 columbus | returns, guacanagari, la isabella, fortified town, columbus "castle", town was laided out in medieval layout | |
| Guacanagari | Caonabo and Anacaona | |
| Taino | Toponyms, Guanatanamo, Canoe, TObacco, maize, tomatoes, pineapples, words, hurricane, hammock, barbeque | |
| Europeans | Rice Sugar bananas, coffee | |
| Eurpoean | Yellow fever, flu, malaria | |
| Taino way of life essentially wiped out within 50 years | disease, starvation, overwork, suicide, bartolome de las casas, brevisima relacion de la destruccion de las indias (1552), DNA, modern dominicans | |
| Carib | lesser antilles and orinoco, late migartion 1400 ad, warlike, maritime economy, raid taino for wives, long hair, ritual cannibalism, delay european settlement | |
| Carib | Carib french alliance, keep british out of st. vincent, chatoyer, decline, warfare deported in 1790's, disease, culture change, suicide la morne das sauteurs, grenada, reservations | |
| The rise of civilizations | Civilizations in Asia and southeast asia | |
| Indus and Ganges | lowlands and fertile soils | |
| Kot Diji | 3k bc, chiefdom along the indus river, farming and herding, constant cycle of flooding led to the construction of dikes, community cooperation, divine leadership, chiefs were intermediaries between heaven and earth | |
| civilization in asia and southeast asia | title | |
| lowland-highland interactoin sphere | lowland settlements lacked many natural resources, especiall metal ores, trade develops between lowland and highland | |
| Kulli complex 2600 bc | highland dwellers with access to metals, semiprecious stones, and timber, also, access to sw asia trade goods, cotton, nindowari, major kulli chiefdom, monumental structures and massive public buildings | |
| Harappan Civilization | 2600-1700 bc along the indus river, driven by rapid population growth and new long-distance trade wtih sumerians, with the rise of new trade links, the harappan were part of a world economic system that linked the mediterranean, sw aisa, some archaeologists place less emphasis on trade and argue instead that harappan was a local development | |
| Civilization in asia and southest asia | irrigation and flood control, centered along the indus and sarawatti river valley, but covered a huge area of lowland and highland settlements, as in egypt, there were cultural subdivisions and regional varaitions, though they were all linked by a common religous ideology | |
| General civ overview | rulers less militaristic and godlike than assyrian and egyptian kings, writing system less standardized than in egypt, less osetntatious rulers, centralized government that exacted tribute, class structure evident in housing, dress, and core/periphery settlement | |
| Mohenjodaro | major harappan city, flooded and rebuilt numerous times, population of 30-40k, flood works (massive walls around the city), citadels for the chiefs, social and spiritual life revovled around ceremonial bath, organized city, spatally segregated, lost was method of metalwork, intricate field head and seal work | |
| Harappan Decline | 1700 bc, constant flooding, shifting trade patterns with mesopotamia, perhaps a geoloic catasrophe that caused the sarawati reiver to dry up, disrupt traditional life along the banks of the river | |
| Aryan Migrants 1k bc | indo-european speking peoles from southwest asia, rise of sanskirt language, brahanism emerges, spiritual and ritual sacrifice to gods | |
| INdia | Birthplace of distillation, might be the birthplace because of ceramic pots found, f.r. allchin, large jar filled with fermented alcohol in a pot that had different spots to exist to and from | |
| Angkor state 802-1430 ad | 802 ad rise of jayavarman II, begining of teh khmer state, leader of large chiefdom who, using military force, consolidated power over large area of southeast asia, worshiped as a god, stong hindu social and religious influences, angkor wat, cambodia, 1117 ad suryavarman II, huge shrine, built to represent heaven on earth | |
| Chinese civilization | 4k bc, agriculture, including rise farming, well established in china, centered along huang ho and yanyzi rivers, fertile soils, flooding, yangshao farming communities, huango river valley, permanent settlements, walled towns (flood contorl), in some growing villages, kin-based leaders replaced by military leaders with divine authority, peasant farmers loyalty to noble class | |
| longshan and liangzhu cultures | 3500bc, separate chiefdoms made up a larger interactions sphere based on trade, especially in copper, frequent conflict as chiefdoms vied for power, skeletal remains reveal evidence of violence, highly stratified communities, black burnished pottery, jade production | |
| hang tu | earthen fortifications, rammed earth, rectagular defensive fort | |
| scapulimancy | apply hot metal to ox shoulder bones and read cracks in the bone, liek tea leaves, some inscribed, the earliest evidence of chinese writing modern chinese writing symbols resemble cracks found on oracle bones, paternalistic rule, king was considered the head of all families, like childern working for their father, peasants were obliged to provide fro the king | |
| Shang civilization | 1766-1122bc, northern china along huang ho river, massive ramped earth foundations with giant mound structures | |
| shang royal burials | cross-like pits, ramps leading to burial chambers, elaborate grave goods, jade bronze, human and animal sacrifices, decapitated heads | |
| bronze work | sometime made copies of ceramic pieces, ceramic molds, lost-wax mehtod pieces | |
| warlords | chiefdoms were highly militaristic, raided neighboring chiefdoms and villages, sacrificial victims for royal tombs, loyalty to king meant that large animals could be raised quickly, soldiers had weapon kit consisting of shield, bow and arrow, and knife, chariot battles | |
| what do you think was found in this bronze jar from the shang dynasty burial: | alcohol | |
| zhou civilization | 1122bc, conquer and replace shang cultures, power moved to southern china, especially along the wei river | |
| chinese unification | 221 bc, emprorer zheng (shi huangdi), tiger of quin | |
| burial mound of shihuangdi | 1100 feet of each side, 140 feet high, recreated the domains of china, constellations, and scale models of roal temples and palaces, procession of 7k terra-cotta soldiers, each individually designed, horses and chariots | |
| Shi huangdi | yea | |
| Europe, 3500 to 2500 bc | title | |
| Europe before the romans | Pre-roman europe similar to precolumbian north america, renfrew agrued that the demand for copper, tin, and other precious metals in sw asia led to trade relationships with europe, more recently archaeologists have placed greater emphasis on indepenedent development rthare than influence from sw asia | |
| Europe before the romans | Early copper production, hammered coppper, early mining based on chasing copper veins, sometimes deep into the ground, varina cemetery, bulgaria, (4600-4200bc), fine gold and copper ornaments, exported to sw asia and mediterrean, ornamental objects for chiefs to display and legitimate their high social status | |
| Battle Ax people 3k-2k bc | eastern europe/ russian steppe, smelting copper, offshoot of pottery manufacturing firing, predates copper smelting in sw asia, wheeled carts and battle axes, possible origin of indo-european language system | |
| Beaker peoples | 2700-2000bc, western and southern europe, bell-shaped beakers, found in grave and burial mounds, perhaps contained trade item | |
| Iceman | found in italian alps in 1991, preserved body of 3350bc man, crouched position, taking shelter from the cold, shpeherd? got lost hunting?, artifacts, ember for starting fire, wheat from valley of N. italy, copper ax with wooden shaft, 14 bone and wood arrows, leather boots lined with hay, stone necklace, grass cloak, tatoos, empty stomach murder? hypothermia? copper miner? copper dust in hair | |
| Untouched body in the alps for about 5k years where it was frozen and preserved | iceman | |
| bronze age | small farming villages, despite trade, there is little cutlural influence from mediterranean civilizations, bronze industry emerges, 2500bc, especially in czech republic, tin-copper mix, tougher metal, some social ranking occurs, however, economic structure conservative and still based on kin-based political structure and village life, egalitarian and no divine kings | |
| Stonehenge | 2950-1500 bc, religious temple, astronomical activity, religious activity supported by food surplus rather than trade and intensive farming as in sw asia, nile and elsewhere | |
| bronze age warriors | desire to control trade and rising populations led to the rise of warfare | |
| Untouched body in the alps for about 5k years where it was frozen and preserved | iceman | |
| bronze age | small farming villages, despite trade, there is little cutlural influence from mediterranean civilizations, bronze industry emerges, 2500bc, especially in czech republic, tin-copper mix, tougher metal, some social ranking occurs, however, economic structure conservative and still based on kin-based political structure and village life, egalitarian and no divine kings | |
| Stonehenge | 2950-1500 bc, religious temple, astronomical activity, religious activity supported by food surplus rather than trade and intensive farming as in sw asia, nile and elsewhere | |
| bronze age warriors | desire to control trade and rising populations led to the rise of warfare | |
| Urnfield culture | 1800-1200 bc central and western europe, cremated their dead and buried them in urns, thus, the name, new weaponry horse-drawn chariots, bronze helmets, shields, and body armor, slashing sword, increasing demand for exotic luxory goods by warrior elite | |
| Ironworking 1k bc | hard to make, but iron ore is more widely available than copper and tin | |
| the impact of iron | efficient agriculture, higher crop yields, food surplus, increased population, increased trade with sw asia, however, economic and polictal organization remain conservative chieftains and warriors | |
| La tene culture, 500 bc | originally centered in modern-day germany, but spread to northern europe and britain, spoke celtic, embrace designs and motifsfrom sw asia, greece and rome, hill forts, superior military peole, short sword 300 bc develop coinage, in some areas, survived roman conquest (55 bc) | |
| Tollund man, denmark | yea | |
| Mesoamerican Civilizations | 9000 bc, h/g's in lowland mexico experiment with cultivation | |
| Guila naquitz, mexico | cave site, ancient seeds of squash, maize and beans, cultivation began as wet year innovation, once reliable , cultivation became common year round | |
| Mexoamerican Civilizations, 2k bc | small sedentary farming communitites emerge in the lowlands, probable ancestors of the olmec and maya, slash and burn agriculture, especially maize and beans, milpa (Garden plots) | |
| Early Preclassic phase 1500-1000bc | poor, shallow soils in tropical lowlands, build canals, drain wetlands and cultivate, hillside terraces, populations increase and small chiefdoms emerge, increasing social complexity, social ranking evident in architecture and grave goods, prestige objects rather than simply utilitarian objects | |
| Middle preclassic 1000-400 bc | olmec, along the southern gulf coast, farming, but also exploit river and marine resources, some hunting and domesticated dog to supplement diet, feasting spurs power, art combined with natural and supernatural motifs, "were-jaguars", variations seen throughout the lowlands of mesoamerica | |
| San Lorenzo, 1200-900 bc | olmec center, began as hilltop settlement in the hot swampy lowlands, erected platform mounds and ridges around settlement, population of 2.5k people, imported obsidian from central highlands, pyramids, ball courts, large stone heads, from long distance (60 miles), 10 feet tall and more than 20 tons, wide sphere of influence "mother culture", spread religious beliefs | |
| Ivan van sertima: | They came before columbus, argues that cultures from africa came to america long before Europeans did | |
| La venta, 800-400bc, | island settlement in a swamp, replaces san lorenzo as center of olmec civilization, platform mounds and ridges with a central plaza, long rectangular mound (stirling acropolis), artisans produced jade and serpentine objects trade and religious center, destroyed in 400 bc by rival chiefdoms, conquerors defaced monuments and heads | |
| Late preclassic 300bc-250ad | common religious system and ideology begin to unify large areas of lowland mesoamerica, writing and calendar, affirm religious ideology, elaborate public ceremonies and monuments for the new ruling elite, validate religious beliefs and legitimate the ruling class | |
| Classic mayan civilization | 500 ad to european contact, unification of disperesed tropical farming villages, while preclassic communitites in the lowlands were conservative, the maya in the yucatan and central america built a complex demand for honey and salt in highlands may have helped fuel the rise of mayan civilization, thus trade the stimulus for rapid expansion | |
| Divine leadership | continuation of earlier shamanism | |
| 731 ad, 4 regional centers | copan, palenque, calakmul, and tikal | |
| ancestor worship | burial platforms, legitimate land claims, private property | |
| common religion | olmec influenced | |
| art depicts warfare and human sacrifice | validates political power | |
| Mayan calendar | 52 year calendar cycle, sacred tiem and secular time | |
| MesoAmerican Civilizations | title | |
| tikal | Large Maya center, geographically important along trade routes, chert deposists, good soils, population 200k, pyramids, palaces, ball courts, temples, ritual structures are symbolic representations of natural and supernatural worlds, forests mountains caves, ball game and ritual sacrifice of players, increasing the role of war evident in sculture and painting, maya decline in 800's, warfare, overextend power, less time for fallowing and thus lower crop yeilds | |
| toltecs | specialized subgroup of maya that survive in the northern yucatan | |
| Tula 900-1000 ad | capital city, population 30k+ | |
| Chichen itza | postclassic maya center, large population, 12k people, salt fields, military turmoil leads to its demise in 1200-1300 ad | |
| Mesoamerican Civilizations | title | |
| Oaxaca valley | state valley organization develops later than lowlands, preclassic 1500 bc -1ad, 90% of people lived in small farming villages of 50-60 people a few large villages of 1kpeople | |
| Oaxaca valley continued | small villages control access to resources, obsidian, magnetite, seashells, macaw and quetzal feathers, good clays for pottery, ritual goods and luxury items for elite, diverse agriculture, hillside terraces, pot irrigation, long distance trade spurs regional growth | |
| macaw and quetzal fethaers, smoking also important | yea | |
| San Jose Mogote 1200-1150 bc | Kent V. Flannery argues that feasting helped supr and validate power of chiefdoms, initially egalitarian, small villages sponsor feasts, eventually, most successful village becomes the permannen host, head of host village viewed as regional ruler and mediator between physical and spiritual worlds, individual villages and loose autonomy and become larger regional entity | |
| Public-ceremonial buildings emerge | conch shell trumpts and turtle shell drums, embrace were-Jaguar motif of the olmec | |
| 400 bc seven small chiefdoms in ozxaca valley | title | |
| monte alban emerges | dominant chiefdom 400 bc to 700 ad, intensive agriculutre, 2k terraces strectching 15 square miles and fertile lands fuel pop. growth, pop growth fuels craft production and trade, platform mounds, temples, palaces, and large public buildings, ceremonial center of ozxaca | |
| monte alben continued | images of dead and tortured enemies incised into the walls of buildings, perhaps 16k people lived at monte alban between 200-700ad, | |
| monte religion | ancestor worship and a pantheon of 39 gods, gods of rain, lightening maize etc, gods to assist in the physical world, bloodleting fish spines, mutilation before the gods show reverence to the gods and pay penance | |
| Monte alban: recreate natural and supernatural worlds on landsacpe | maonte alban: tempesl and platform moudns | |
| Teotihuacan in the valley of mexico | 200 bc, small trade center, 500 ad, cultural and ceremonial center, uneasy political alliance with monte alban, intensive agriculture, irrigation and terracing, chinampa (floating garden), moued earth and swamp mud, huge population increases, | |
| Teotihuacan continued | trade fueled its political-economic poower, controls political, economic, and ideological realms of mesoamerica, at its height, perhaps 120k people, tribute | |
| teotihuacan continued | socially stratified city, kings, nobles, priests, warriors, and artisans, and slaves, hundreds of workshops and apartment dwellings, core/periphery, pyramids of the sun and the moon, street of the dead (NOrth-south axis), plazas and markets, temple to quetzalcoatl (200 servants wearing warrior uniforms sacrificed and buried at site), ritualizaed cannibalism, increasing human sacrifice to terrorize and control population | |
| grinding corn: | sexual division of labor | |
| quetzacoal | quetzacoal | |
| who were the first rulers of teotihuacan? | saburo sugiyama (asu), search through pyramids, temple of quetzalcoatl, pyramid of the moon, multiple episodes of pyramid construction, eagle bones, obsidian points, wooden cage containing jaguar skeletons, serpentine figurine, skeleton of a man with arms behind his back | |
| temple of the moon | important | |
| teotihuacan continued | 650 ad the city intentionally destoryed perhaps drought leads to civil unrest, joyce warcus identifies a typical mesoamerican rise and decline scenario, expand through trade and intensive and agriculture, solidify power through intermarrage and conquest, unify with common religious ideology, weak provinces rise up, join forces, and overthrown | |
| who were the first rulers of teotihuacan? | saburo sugiyama (asu), search through pyramids, temple of quetzalcoatl, pyramid of the moon, multiple episodes of pyramid construction, eagle bones, obsidian points, wooden cage containing jaguar skeletons, serpentine figurine, skeleton of a man with arms behind his back | |
| temple of the moon | important | |
| teotihuacan continued | 650 ad the city intentionally destoryed perhaps drought leads to civil unrest, joyce warcus identifies a typical mesoamerican rise and decline scenario, expand through trade and intensive and agriculture, solidify power through intermarrage and conquest, unify with common religious ideology, weak provinces rise up, join forces, and overthrown | |
| who were the first rulers of teotihuacan? | saburo sugiyama (asu), search through pyramids, temple of quetzalcoatl, pyramid of the moon, multiple episodes of pyramid construction, eagle bones, obsidian points, wooden cage containing jaguar skeletons, serpentine figurine, skeleton of a man with arms behind his back | |
| temple of the moon | important | |
| teotihuacan continued | 650 ad the city intentionally destoryed perhaps drought leads to civil unrest, joyce warcus identifies a typical mesoamerican rise and decline scenario, expand through trade and intensive and agriculture, solidify power through intermarrage and conquest, unify with common religious ideology, weak provinces rise up, join forces, and overthrown | |
| who were the first rulers of teotihuacan? | saburo sugiyama (asu), search through pyramids, temple of quetzalcoatl, pyramid of the moon, multiple episodes of pyramid construction, eagle bones, obsidian points, wooden cage containing jaguar skeletons, serpentine figurine, skeleton of a man with arms behind his back | |
| temple of the moon | important | |
| teotihuacan continued | 650 ad the city intentionally destoryed perhaps drought leads to civil unrest, joyce warcus identifies a typical mesoamerican rise and decline scenario, expand through trade and intensive and agriculture, solidify power through intermarrage and conquest, unify with common religious ideology, weak provinces rise up, join forces, and overthrown | |
| Aztecs | Shit | |
| Aztecs | Descendants of semi-nomadic chichimeca peoples, valley of mexico, 1100-1521 ad, shape political, economic, and social development of almost the entire mesoamerican region, "Tribute gathering machines", especially gold and feathers for elite | |
| aztecs continued | "spread religious ideology", ritual use of sound and color to appease spirits and create symbolic order in teh world, religion incorportates the beiefs of other, earlier mesoamerican societies, increaseing warfare in 15th century, military campaigns to control economic resources and stamp out political foes, human sacrifice to intimidate potential enemies | |
| Tenochtitaln 1325-1521 ad | buried udner modern mexico city, in the middle of a lake, population of 200k, huge markets, residential areas, workshops, etc, 40 pyramids, 20k sacrifices each year to appease huitzilopochtli (god of war) and tlaloc (god or rain), especially at the end of 52 year calendar cylce, sacrificial knife for removing beating heart flowery death | |
| Tenochtitaln | were jaguar, jaguar warrior | |
| What do you think was found in the ceramic jar from Tenochtitlan? | alcohol | |
| Aztec decline | top heavy (too many nobles), 1519 spanish, tenochtitlan reduced to rubble in 91 day siege | |
| hernan cortes vs. moctezuma | huge aztec population wiped out by a few thousand spanish conquistadors, factionalism with aztec empire, 1.2 million in 1519 to 70k a century later, disease, famine, overwork |
Quisition is a browser-based flashcard system that repeats old cards and introduces new ones at optimal time intervals. You can create your own card packs or use those developed by others.
