Logic
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| What is classification? | Process of sorting things into categories | |
| Rule one (of 2) of classification | consistent principle- mutually exclusive, jointly exhaustive | (revised) |
| Rule two (of 2) of classification | essential attribute | (revised) |
| first function (of 3) of definition | clarify boundaries of concept | (revised) |
| second funtion (of 3) of definition | clarify relationships among concepts | (revised) |
| third function (of 3) of definition | provide summary statement about referents of concept | (revised) |
| rule 1 (6) of definition | includes genus, differentia | (revised) |
| rule 2 (6) of definition | not too broad or narrow | (revised) |
| rule 3 (6) of definition | state essential attributes of concept's referents | (revised) |
| rule 4 (6) of definition | not circular | (revised) |
| rule 5 (6) of definition | not too negative | (revised) |
| rule 6 (6) of definition | not too vague, obscure, metaphorical | (revised) |
| what is a proposition? | a delcarative statement or assertion either true or false; includes subject, predicate | |
| what is a fallacy? | argument so weak premises dont support conlusion at all | |
| four categories of fallacies | relevance, subjective, credibility, logical structure | |
| disjunctive syllogism | deductive argument denying all but one disjuncts and conclusion affirming remaining disjunct (either/or) | |
| hypothetical syllogism | if p(antecedent) then q(consequent); not asserting truth | |
| three rules for generalizing | numerous, various; disconfirming, confirming; plausible | |
| importance for apologetics? | Van Til used often, square of opposition; learning to think logically, undertand arguments of others | |
| for preaching | clear, truthful, reasonable; people to follow us; arguments; be exact, precise; | |
| three ways to know things | experience, testimony, reasoning | |
| indicator words- premise | since, because, as, for, given that, assuming that, in asmuch as, the reason is that, in view of the fact, on the basis of, given that | |
| indicator words- conclusion | therefore, thus, so, consequently, so, consequently, as a result of, it follows that, hence, which means that, which implies that, this suggests, ergo | |
| argument | basic unit of reasoning; series of premises; propositions lead to conclusion; | |
| difference: argument, explantion | argument- that; explantion- why | |
| implicit premise | premise for argument assumed not stated explicitly | |
| 3 rules to ID assumed premise | close gap, informative, not overcommit | |
| why diagram arguments? | to understand premises and conclusions | |
| deductive logic | implications from knowledge we have; draws out implications (validity) | |
| determine good argument by | strength | |
| distribution | property of term in categorical proposition; assertion about all members of class | |
| syllogism | 3 standard form sentences; two premises and third is conclusion; (s,p,m) | |
| genus and species | genus is broad, more abstract and embraces the narrow; referents/ species more narrow, concrete | |
| concrete and abstract | higher, more similar, abstract; lower, more different, conrete | |
| categorial syllogism | 2 categorical propositions (maj/ min) and cat conclusion | |
| inductive | beyond info in premises; validity doesnt apply, but LOGICAL STRENGTH; |
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