vocabulary words from Behavioral Neuroscience
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| histology | study of tissue structure and cellular anatomy | |
| gross neuroanatomy | anatomical features visible to the eye | |
| neurophysiology | study of how neurons work | |
| neuropharmacology | study of the effects of drugs on the brain | |
| neuroendocrinology | study of how brain and behavior are affected by hormones | |
| neurocognition | study of how we think, and what we think about | |
| What is the neuron doctrine? | The brain is composed of independent cells, information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses. | |
| Unipolar neurons | a single extension that branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone | |
| bipolar neurons | one axon, one dendrite (usually sensory) | |
| What are the three kinds of neurons? | Sensory, motoneurons, interneurons | |
| sensory neurons | respond to environmental stimuli, such as ligh, odor, or touch | |
| motoneurons | contact muscles and glands | |
| interneurons | receive input from and send input to other neurons (most neurons in CNT are interneurons) | |
| astrocytes | most numerous glial cell in brain, fill spaces between neurons for support, regulate composition of the extracellular space | |
| Alexander's disease | astrocytes fill up with GFAP, then fail | |
| oligodendrocytes | wrap axons with myelin sheaths INSIDE the brain and spinal cord; each oligodendrocyte wraps several axons; forms segments of myelin sheath; nodes of Ranvier where axon membrane is exposed | |
| microglia | phagocytes that clean up debris from dying neurons and glia | |
| ependymal cells | line ventricles, secrete and absorb cerebral spinal fluid, guide embryonic cells during development | |
| Scwann cell | wrap axons with myelin sheaths OUTSIDE the brain and spinal cord; each wraps only one axon | |
| dendritic spines | studs to increase surface area | |
| neural plasticity | in dendritic spines allows their number and structure to be rapidly altered by experience | |
| dorsal root | (back) carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord | |
| ventral root | (front) carries motor information from the spinal cord to muscles | |
| preganglionic neurons | from CNS to autonomic ganglia | |
| postganglionic neurons | from autonomic ganglia to targets in the body | |
| sympathetic activation | prepares the body for action | |
| parasympathetic activiation | sets the body to rest and digest | |
| medial | toward the middle | |
| lateral | toward the side | |
| ipsilateral | same side | |
| contralateral | opposite side | |
| anterior | head end | |
| posterior | tail end | |
| proximal | near center | |
| distal | toward periphery | |
| afferent | describes the flow of information; carries information into a region of interest (usually sensory) | |
| efferent | describes the flow of information; carries information away from a region of interest (usually motor) | |
| coronal | separates the brain from front to back. resembles a butteryfly | |
| sagittal | slices the brain down the midline so you can see what's on each half | |
| horizontal | separates the brain from top to bottom | |
| white matter | composed of axon bundles. White because myelin sheaths (white fatty tissue) cover the axons | |
| gray matter | composed of clusters of cell bodies, have dark gray appearance | |
| What does the Reticular formation control? | sleep and arousal, temperature control and motor control | |
| pons | contains motor and sensory nuclei to the face | |
| medulla | transition of brain to spinal cord | |
| cerebellum | motor coordination and learning | |
| What are the three types of Meninges? | dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater | |
| What does CAT stand for? | computerized axial tomography | |
| What does MRI stand for? | Magnetic resonance imaging | |
| soma | cell body | |
| RER | rough endoplasmic reticulum; arrays of membranes with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis for membrane-associated proteins | |
| SER | smooth endoplasmic reticulum; regulates composition of cytoplasm | |
| Golgi apparatus | stacks of flat membranse compartments, packages products for shipment in cell | |
| lipid bilayer | surrounds cell and separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid. charge separator! | |
| intrinsic proteins | receptors, ion channels, makes neurons have necessary properties for signaling | |
| microtubules | 20nm this-walled tubes, spirals of tubulin, tracks for movement within neurons | |
| neurofilaments | 10nm twisted protein cables, static structures | |
| diffusion | causes ions to flow from areas of high to low concentration, along their concentration gradient | |
| electrostatic pressure | causes ions to flow towards oppositely charged areas | |
| ion channels | proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass in and out | |
| gated channels | open and close in response to voltage changes and/or chemicals | |
| electrostatic pressure | causes ions to flow towards oppositely charged areas | |
| ion channels | proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass in and out | |
| gated channels | open and close in response to voltage changes, chemicals, and/or mechanical action | |
| neurons are _______ to K+ | selectively permeable; K+ can enter or leave the cell freely | |
| At rest, K+ ions move ________ the negative interior of the cell | into; this is because of electrostatic pressure | |
| As K+ ions build up inside the cell, they also diffuse ______ | out; they do this along the concentration gradient | |
| sodium potassium pump | pumps Na+ out and K+ in, to maintain resting potential | |
| If the membrane reaches ______ it triggers an action potential | threshold; inside the cell becomes positive | |
| Action potential starts where? | Hillock | |
| absolute refractory phase | highest voltage; no more action potentials can be produced | |
| relative refractory phase | lowest voltage; only strong stimulation can produce an action potential | |
| Action potentials are _______ along the axon | regenerated | |
| conduction speed through myelin axons is ______ than through unmyelinated axons | faster | |
| channelopathy | genetic abnormality of ion channels: epilepsy, migraine, other disorders | |
| Describe the sequence of transmission processes at chemical synapses. | 1. Action potential travels down axon to the axon terminal. 2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open and Ca2+ enters/ 3/ Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft | |
| electrical synapses | ions flow directly through large channels into adjacent cells, with no time delay | |
| ligands | fit receptors to activate or block them: lock and key | |
| Endogenous ligands | neurotransmitters and hormones | |
| Exogenous ligands | drugs and toxins from outside the body | |
| up-regulation | an increase in number of receptors | |
| down-regulation | a decrease in number of receptors | |
| What are the two types of synapses? | ionotropic and metabotropic | |
| ionotropic receptors | open when bound by a transmitter (also called a ligand-gated ion channel). These are direct | |
| metabotropic receptors | recognize the transmitter but instead activate G-proteins. These are indirect |
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