Continuation of Neuroscience Vocabulary
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| EPSP | Excitatory postsynaptic potential - small local depolarization, pushing the cell closer to threshold. ESPS's result from sodium ions entering the cell, making the inside more positive | |
| IPSP | Inhibitory postsynaptic potential - small local hyperpolarization, pushing cell away from threshold. ISPS's result from chloride ions entering cell, making inside more negative | |
| What are the categories of seizures? | Partial onset and generalized onset | |
| What are the partial onset seizures? | Simple partial seizures (normal awareness), and complex partial seizures (awareness impaired) | |
| What are the generalized onset seizures? | Abscence seizures (petit-mal), myoclonic seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand-mal) | |
| generalized convulsions | abnormal activity throughout the brain, characteristic movements are tonic and clonic contractions, seizure is followed by confusion and sleep | |
| absence seizure | brain waves show generalized rhythmic activity for a few seconds, but hundreds of times a day, no unusual muscle activity except stopping and staring, events during seizure are not remembered | |
| myoclonic seizures | rapid, brief contractions of bodily muscles, which usually occur at the same time on both sides of the body | |
| partial seizures | do not involve the entire brain, start in one area, may have jerking of one side | |
| neural chain | simple series of neurons | |
| Why is the knee jerk reaction extremely fast? | The axons are myelinated and large. Sensory cells synapse directly onto motoneurons. It uses fast, ionotropic synapses | |
| What is Tetanus? | tetanospasmin binds irreversibly to membranes of nerve synapses, blocking exocytosis and release of glycine from axon terminals, causing generalized tonic rigidity | |
| agonist | neurotransmitter which initiates the normal effects of the receptor | |
| antagonist | neurotransmitter which prevents a receptor from being activated by other ligands | |
| What are the classes of neurotransmitters? | 1. Amino Acids (Glutamate, Aspartate, Glycine, GABA); 2. Monoamines - a. Catecholamines (Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine), b. Indolamines (Seratonin). 3. Soluble gases (Nitric oxide, Carbon monoxide). 4. Acetylcholine (acetylcholine). 5. Neuropeptide - a. Endorphins | |
| Excitotoxicity | neural injury such as stroke or head trauma causes excess release of glutamate, which is toxic to neurons | |
| glutamate | most common excitatory neurotransmitter in brain and spinal cord | |
| GABA | most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain | |
| glycine | major inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord | |
| strychnine | blocks glycine: symptoms appear within 20 minutes, starting with stiffness of the neck, twitching muscles, and feeling of suffocation, then violent convulsions in which the body is arched and the head bent backward. After a minute, muscles relax, but a touch or noise causes the convulsions to recur or they recur spontaneously, every few minutes. | |
| Where is dopamine produced? | Ventral tegmental area | |
| What does dopamine affect? | reward, reinforcement and learning, schizophrenia | |
| Where is norepinephrine produced? | Locus coeruleus | |
| What does norepinephrine affect? | modules mood, arousal, and sexual behavior | |
| Where is seratonin produced? | Raphe nuclei | |
| What does seratonin affect? | sleep, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety | |
| Name the Acetylcholine receptors? | Nicotinic and muscarinic | |
| Most nicotinic receptors are ________ | ionotropic, excitatory, and peripheral | |
| Most muscarinic receptors are ________ | metabotropic, excitatory or inhibitory, and found in the CNS | |
| Where is Acetylcholine produced? | Basal forebrain | |
| Name the ionotropic receptors for glutamate | AMPA, NMDA, and Kainate | |
| Name the endogenous opiates | enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins | |
| neuromodulator | indirectly affects either transmitter release or receptor response | |
| caffeine blocks the affect of ________ | adenosine, which is a neurotransmitter that normally inhibits catecholamine release via autoreceptors | |
| antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs | class of drugs to treat schizophrenia and aggressive behavior. Typically dopamine antagonists | |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) | Antidepressants which prevent the breakdown of monoamines at the synapse. Accumulation of monoamines is the major action of antidepressants | |
| What are the two main modern classes of antidepressants? | Tricyclics, and Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | |
| Tricyclics | Older antidepressants, increases norepinephrine and seratonin at the synapses by blocking their reuptake into presynaptic axon terminals | |
| SSRIs | Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors like Prozac and Zoloft cause seratonin to accumulate at the synapses, with fewer side effects than the tricyclics | |
| anxiolytics | tranquilizers. reduce nervous system activity | |
| benzodiazepine | type of anxiolytic. Agonist which acts on GABA receptors and enhances inhibitory effects of GABA via Cl- influx. | |
| allopregnanolone | an endogenous benzodiazeoine | |
| barbiturates | depressants. They block sodium channels on neurons to prevent inflow of sodium ions. They also increase the flow of chloride ions across the neuronal membrane. Mainly used for anesthesia and epilepsy | |
| Alcohol has _________ effects on behavior | biphasic; acts as a stimulant at low doses, acts as a sedative at higher doses | |
| opium and morphine | Opium contains morphine, an effective analgesic; binds to opioid receptors in the brainstem, especially locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray | |
| coca shrub | the leaves alleviate hunger, enhance endurance, and sense of well-being, and are not addictive. Cocaine is the purified extract | |
| cocaine | blocks monoamine transporters, especially dopamine - blocks reuptake of catecholamines, enhancing their effects | |
| CART | cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript - peptide involved in pleasure sensations from these drugs and in appetite suppression | |
| Amphetamine | Synthetic stimulant that resembles catecholamines | |
| What are some common stimulants prescribed for ADHD? | Adderal - dextroamphetamine; Ritalin - methylphenidate; Strattera - atomoxetine | |
| LSD | hallucinogen; Resembles seratonin and is an agonist on receptors in the visual cortex | |
| Phencyclidine | PCP - glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist | |
| MDMA | Ecstasy. Amphetamine analog. stimulant at lower doses, hallucinogen at higher doses | |
| addiction | chronic, often relapsing brain disorder that causes compulsive drug use, despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those they are near | |
| tolerance | decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of taking it | |
| sensitization | increased sensitivity to a drug as a result of taking it | |
| physical dependence | caused by withdrawal symptoms | |
| psychological dependence | compulsive and repetitive use, craving | |
| reward | the positive effect that any agent (drug, food, sex, lottery win, warm fuzzy) has on the individual | |
| What is the major reward system? | mesolimbocortical dopamine system | |
| What area is involved in morphine addiction? | Ventral tegmental area |
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