Managerial Problem Solving
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| Define Metacognition | the mind's ability to monitor and control its own functioning, plays a key role in higher-level thinking processes. | |
| List the basic cognitivist account of how the mind works: | 1)one's senses pick up info. from outside world 2)Sensory info. stored in short term memory activated knowledge in long-term memory. 3)To act or respond to the info, once searches long-term memory for knowledge of what to do in that kind of situation, triggering muscular or motor activity. | |
| List 11 major concepts cognitive scientists use to describe thinking: (mental processes) | 1)Perception 2)Attention 3)Memory 4)Knowledge Representation 5)Categories 6)Understanding 7)Learning 8)Motivation 9)Judgement 10)Reasoning 11)Creativity | |
| Cognitive science encompasses work in... | psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, an philosophy, all concerned with understanding the mind, knowledge, and thought. | |
| How do cognitivists view thinking? | as the processing of symbolic information, paralleling the functioning of computers. | |
| Perception | Mental process:process of acquiring information through one's senses. Involves bottom top-down and bottom-up processes. | |
| Attention | Mental process:almost synonymous with consciousness, a limited store of conscious capacity that is allocated to selected stimuli and activities. | |
| Memory | Mental process:physical store in which knowledge is held and related processes for adding to and retrieving information from that store. Includes short-term and long-term capacity. | |
| Knowledge Representation | Mental Process-the different ways knowledge is represented in the mind. | |
| Categories | Mental Process-the concepts, or mental distinctions we use to understand the world; the simplest meaningful elements of thought. | |
| Understanding | Mental Process-Also known as comprehension, determining what things mean by relating new information to what is already known. | |
| Learning | Mental Process-increasing knowledge, acquiring a skill, or developing expertise. | |
| Motivation | Mental Process-goals, values, and other interest that prompt human activity. | |
| Judgement | Mental Process-a non-verbal process that weight and combines relevant factors, qualitatively, to reach a conclusion. | |
| Reasoning | Mental Process-Also known as inference, a verbalizable means of using evidence to construct arguments bearing on a conclusion. | |
| Creativity | Mental Process-Associated with imagination, the ability to conceive of things or possibilities that don't exist. | |
| Define Intelligence | understood as thinking skill, is in part a learnable capacity. | |
| Cognitive style | referring to distinctive patterns of mental activity originating in a person's core beliefs, values, and underlying character traits. | |
| In the 1970's there were two psychologists that identified mental heuristics that can be bias human judgement under certain conditions, who were they? | Tversky & Kahneman | |
| What are biases? | they imply mental distortion or deviation from the truth. | |
| What are the 8 types (groups) of thinking errors? | 1)Unreasonable Desires 2)Overly Influential Desires 3)Overly Influential Beliefs 4)Memory Effects 5)Insufficient Effort 6)Over-Reliance on Similarity 7)Mishandled Information 8)Cognitive Limitations | |
| 3 Unreasonable Desires | 1)Fears and phobias 2)Irrational likes and dislikes 3)Impulsiveness | |
| 3 Overly Influential Desires | 1)Wishful thinking 2)My-side bias 3)Rationalization | |
| 5 Overly Influential Beliefs | 1)Belief bias 2)Belief perseverance 3)Selective perception 4)Illusory correlation 5)Frame-of-reference biases | |
| 4 Memory effects | 1)Strong habit intrusion 2)Primacy and recency effects 3)Misuse of availability heuristic 4)Hindsight bias | |
| 2 insufficient Efforts | 1)One-shot thinking 2)Mindlessness | |
| 3 Over-Reliance on Similarity | 1)Misuse of representativeness heuristic 2)Misuse of stereotypes 3)Conjunction fallacy | |
| 5 Mishandled Information | 1)Self-fulfilling prophecies 2)Neglect of base rates 3)Insensitivity to sample size 4)Misuse of anchoring and adjustment heuristic 5)Conjunctive and disjunctive events | |
| 3 Cognitive Limitations | 1)Neglect of regression effects 2)Over-confidence 3)Illusion of control |
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