Clinical Pharmacology Test 1 C 1-7
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| Pharmacology | the science of the interaction of chemicals with living systems at the molecular level | |
| Medical pharmacology | the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease | |
| Toxicology | branch of pharmacology dealing with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems | |
| Materia Medica | the science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs (the precursor to pharmacology) | |
| Drug Receptor | a binding site on a system that results in a functional change | |
| Pharmacogenomics | the relation of the individual's genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs | |
| Drug | any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions | |
| Chemical antagonists | A drug that may interact directly with other drugs | |
| Osmotic agents | Drugs that interact almost exclusively with water molecules | |
| Hormones | Drugs that are synthesized inside the body | |
| Xenobiotics | Chemicals not synthesized in the body | |
| Poisons | drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects. | |
| Toxins | poisons of biologic origin (synthesized by plants or animals) | |
| Covalent Bonds | very strong, biologically irreversible, reduces receptors (new ones must be made), shares electrons | |
| Hydrostatic Bonding | weaker than covalent, between charged molecules | |
| Hydrophobic bonding | very weak | |
| Chiral | a Carbon with 4 different substituents | |
| Stereoisomer | Same chemical formula, different chemical arrangement | |
| Diasteromer | Non superimposable Non mirror images (meso, cis/trans, optical isomers) | |
| Enantiomer | Non superimposable Mirror images. Identical physical and chemical properties, rotate polarized light differently | |
| Meso Compound | Has 2 or more chiral centers but has an internal line of symmetry, making the compound achiral | |
| Racemic | mixture of R and S enantiomers | |
| Rational Drug Design | The ability to predict the appropriate molecular structure of a drug on the basis of information about its biologic receptor | |
| Pharmacodynamics | action of the drug on the body | |
| Pharmacokinetics | actions of the body on the drug | |
| The nature of drugs (factors that influence drug action) | right size, right electrical charge, right shape, atomic composition, move from administration to active site, inactivated/excreted timely. | |
| Drug-Body Interactions | pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics | |
| Pharmacodynamic Principles | Agonist/Antagonist, | |
| Agonist | Stimulatory Molecule - binds to receptor and activates it directly or indirectly causing an effect (a receptors endogenous lignand) | |
| Antagonist | Inhibitory Molecule - binds to receptor preventing the agonist to bind therefore blocking the effects | |
| Ligand | a neurotransmitter, hormone or drug that binds to the receptor | |
| Drugs that bind to ligand inactivator | Looks like agonist, when really an antagonist. Ex: acetylcholinesterase antagonist stops the breakdown of acetylcholine. Looks just like an acetylcholine agoinst | |
| Parial agoinst | Agonist if no other agoinst present, but slows another agoinst if present looking like an antagonist | |
| Inert Binding site | Once ligand bound, doesn't have a biological functional change | |
| Pro Drug | a drug that is converted in teh body to ist active drug by a biologic process | |
| Epithelium | outside lining of all open parts of body (outer skin, stomach wall, etc) | |
| Endothelium | innermost layer of cells (inside blood vessels, etc) | |
| Lipid: Aqueous Partition Coefficient | how readily a drug moves between aqueous and lipid media (to blood and then to cells) | |
| Tolerance | decreased response to the effects of a drug | |
| Therapeutic action | the beneficial effect | |
| Side effect | the detrimental effect | |
| Contraindication | When not to use a drug. A risk factor that weighs in against the use of a treatment | |
| Indication | When to use a drug. Sign or symptom in a disease which serves to direct to suitable treatment | |
| Habituation | decrease in biological response (used like tolerance) | |
| Untoward effect | unexpected response to drug therapy | |
| Uniport | transports one molecule one way (a one way street) | |
| Symport | transports two molecules in the same direction (a one way street) | |
| Antiport | transports two molecules in different directions (a two way street) |
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