Cranial Nerve Lesions
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| CN I - fracture of cribiform plate | Anosmia, CSF rhinorrhea | |
| CN II - direct trauma to eyeball, fracture involving optic canal | Loss of pupillary constriction | |
| CN II - pressure on optic pathway, laceration or intracerebral clot in temporal, parietal, or occipital lobes | Visual field deficits | |
| CN III - pressure from herniating uncus on nerve, aneurysms, fracture involving cavernous sinus | Dilated pupil, ptosis, pupillary reflex on side of lesion will be lost | |
| CN IV - stretching of nerve during course around brainstem, fracture of orbit | Inability to look down when eye is adducted | |
| CN V - injury to terminal branches, pathological processes affecting trigeminal ganglion | Loss of pain & touch sensations, paraesthesia, masseter & temporalis muscles do not contract, deviation of mandible to side of lesion when mouth is opened | |
| CN VI - base of brain or fracture involving caverous sinus or orbit | Eye fails to move laterally, diplopia on lateral gaze | |
| CN VII - laceration or contusion in parotid region | Paralysis of facial muscles, eye remains open, angle of mouth droops, forehead does not wrinkle | |
| CN VII - fracture of temporal bone | Paralysis of facial muscles, eye remains open, angle of mouth droops, forehead does not wrinkle, dry cornea, loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue, cochlear nerve and chorda tympani involvement | |
| CN VII - intracranial hematoma | Forehead wrinkles due to bilateral innervation of frontalis muscle, otherwise paralysis of contralateral facial muscles | |
| CN VIII - tumor of nerve (acoustic neuroma) | Progressive unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus | |
| CN IX - brain stem lesion or deep laceration of neck | Loss of taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, loss of sensation on affected side of soft palate | |
| CN X - brain stem lesion or deep laceration of neck | Sagging of soft palate, deviation of uvula to normal side, hoarseness due to paralysis of vocal fold | |
| CN XI - laceration of neck | Paralysis of SCOM and superior fibers of trapezius, drooping of shoulder | |
| CN XII - neck laceration, basal skull fractures | Protruded tongue deviates toward affected side, moderate dysarthria |
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