Diencephalon & Cerebrum
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| What is the thalamus and its major functions? | Makes up 80% of the diencephalon, integration and relay of sensory information, EXCEPT OLFACTION, Integration and relay of motor control from cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor cortex, gating of sensory & motor info, transmit states of consciousness from brainstem to cortex | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Ventral Posterior Nucleus | Somatotopically organized | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Ventral Posteriormedial (VPM) | Receives sensory input from face and head | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Ventral Posteriorlateral (VPL) | Receives sensory/tactile input from the body, lesions result in contralateral hemianesthesia specific to the area from which the nuclei was receiving input | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Ventral Anterior Neuclei | Integration and relay nuclei for motor control, receive info from basal ganglia | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Ventral Lateral Nuclei | Integration and relay nuclei for motor control, receive info from basal ganglia | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | Integration and relay of visual info | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Medial Geniculate Nucleus | Integration and relay of auditory info | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Lateral Dorsal Nucleus | Association nuclei that relay info to the limbic lobe about touch, related to thalamic pain syndrome | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Lateral Posterior Nucleus | Association nuclei relay pain info, may be able to gate pain to cerebral cortex, survival mech | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Pulvinar | Association nuclei that integrates and relays sensations like movement and proprioception | |
| Thalamic nuclei: Reticular Nucleus | Subcortical nuclei that integrates and relays info about how awake you are | |
| What is the hypothalamus major functions of regulation? | ANS, cardiovascular, temperature, energy metabolism, fluid balance, sleep cycle | |
| What are the general components of the epithalmus? | Habenular nuclei, pineal gland, posterior commissure | |
| What is the function of the epithalamus habenular nuclei? | Input from olfactory & limbic systems projected to ANS, emotions and smell influence visceral function | |
| What is the function of the epithalamus pineal gland? | Endocrine gland that inhibits gonadal function, delays the onset of puberty, later calcifies, used as midline landmark | |
| What is the pathology that results if a lesion occurs in the subthalamus? | Hemiballismus (rapid, flailing movements of one side of the body), chorea disorders | |
| What are the major sulci and fissures of the brain? | Longitudinal cerebral fissure, lateral sulcus,central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, calcarine sulcus (vision) | |
| What is the function of the frontal lobe? | Personality, behavior, higher intellectual function, primary voluntary motor area | |
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? | Perception of general sensation, spatial perception and inter-relationships, interacts with motor area (frontal lobe) | |
| What is the function of the occipital lobe? | Integrates visual stimuli | |
| What is the function of the temporal lobe? | Integrates memory, receive stimuli from hearing, taste, and smell, visual processing and perception fibers located deep in lobe | |
| What is the function of the limbic lobe? | Short term memory, emotions | |
| What are the basal ganglia? | Masses of gray matter that include subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra in midbrain, motor function - motor learning, and with the cerebral cortex, initiating and supporting successful execution of movement | |
| What are the four structures within the basal ganglia? | Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus internus, globus pallidus externus, corpus striatum - includes caudate & putamen, lentiform nucleus - includes putamen and globus pallidus | |
| What are the three different classifications of white matter fibers in the telencephalon? | Projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers | |
| What is the function of projection fibers? | Connect cortical areas to subcortical areas, connect corona radiata & internal capsule | |
| What is the function of commissural fibers | Cross the midline and connect the two hemispheres, corpus collosum, and anterior and posterior commissures | |
| What is the function of association fibers? | Interconnect cortical regions within the same hemisphere, uncinate fasciculus connects temporal lobe with frontal lobe in same hemisphere, arcuate fasciculus connect Warnike's and Broca's |
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