Visual System Development
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| How many receptors are in the retina? | Two: cones & rods. | |
| What do cones detect? | Color. | |
| What do rods detect? | Light waves. | |
| What percentage of vision information is peripheral and focal? | Periphery = 80%, focal = 20%. | |
| What is the information processing approach? | Input<-->Process<-->Feedback<-->Output | |
| What is visual reception? | The ability to see things as they really are and appear to everyone else. | |
| What is visual acuity? | How clearly you see. | |
| What is normal vision? | 20/20. | |
| How is an infant’s visual acuity tested? | Ability to discriminate black/white. | |
| What is the definition of visually impaired? | Acuity less than 20/70 in the best corrected eye. | |
| What is the definition of legally blind? | 20/200 or less in best corrected eye or 20% field of vision or less. | |
| What is visual scanning? | Where an individual focuses when looking/examining objects in the environment. | |
| What are saccadic eye movements? | Ability to direct the gaze so that the image of the object looked at falls on the fovea centralis. | |
| What is the fovea centralis? | The point of clearest vision and most visual acuity at the center of the retina. | |
| What is accommodation? | The adjustment of the eye for several distances that gives continuous temporally synchronized picture of entire visual surroundings. | |
| What is convergence? | Coordinated movement of the eyeballs toward a common near point of fixation. | |
| What is divergence? | Coordinated movement of the eyeballs away from a near point. | |
| What is visual fixation? | How long an individual looks at specific visual stimuli. | |
| How far away should the object be from the child’s face when performing an assessment of visual tracking? | 18-24”. | |
| Where should the object be in relation to the child when beginning an assessment of visual tracking? | Midline. | |
| What are the steps in performing an assessment of visual tracking? | Move the object horizontally, vertically, in a large X, large circle, in toward the nose, then away from the nose. | |
| How should the tester move the object horizontally in an assessment of visual tracking? | 120-150 degree arc, passing through midline at least twice, and then returning to midline. | |
| How should the tester move the object vertically in an assessment of visual tracking? | At about 120 degrees passing through midline at least twice. | |
| How should the tester move the object in the large X in an assessment of visual tracking? | Make sure to cover all four quadrants. | |
| What should the tester observe when performing an assessment of visual tracking? | The eyes should move independently of the head (hold child’s chin if it moves), watch for midline jerk (look away at midline), watch that both eyes move together to follow the object. | |
| Saccadic eye movements, fixation, and pursuit are important in development for what three reasons? | They allow the development of midline orientation, outside world cognition, intentional grasping. | |
| What is nystagmus? | Rapid horizontal eye movement following specific visual or vestibular stimuli. | |
| What is a test for nystagmus? | Spin child slowly = 10 times in 30 seconds. | |
| What should the tester observe after a test for nystagmus? | Eye movements and the length of time nystagmus lasts. | |
| What is vision perception? | Making use of visual information (not acuity). | |
| What is visual attention? | Concentrating visually on some part of the environment. | |
| What three components does visual attention include? | Alerting, selective attention, and vigilance. | |
| What is visual memory? | Ability to remember and call back to mind information that you have seen. | |
| What is sequential visual memory? | Ability to tell what you have seen and the exact order you saw it. | |
| How much information can a person store in short term memory? | Seven bits of information for thirty seconds. | |
| What is visual discrimination? | Comparing objects visually. | |
| What is the highest level of visual perception? | Visual discrimination. | |
| What components does visual discrimination include? | Space, form, and figure ground perception. |
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