Descending Systems 3
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| What are the two types of LMN? | Alpha and gamma motor neurons. | |
| What type of muscle do LMN’s innervate? | Skeletal muscle. | |
| What type of LMN innervates extrafusal skeletal muscles that cross joints and produce movement? | Alpha motor neurons. | |
| What type of LMN innervates intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers located in the polar regions of the muscle spindle? | Gamma motor neurons. | |
| What type of LMN are involved in the regulation of muscle tone? | Alpha and gamma motor neurons. | |
| Where are LMN located in the spinal cord? | The ventral horns. | |
| LMN located in the more medial part of the ventral horn innervate which muscles? | The more axial muscles. | |
| LMN located in the middle and lateral parts of the ventral horn innervate which muscles? | Proximal and distal limb muscles. | |
| What are LMN influenced by? | Segmental afferent neurons, local interneurons, and UMN. | |
| Where are UMN cell bodies located? | Specific regions of the cerebral cortex and in certain nuclei of the brainstem. | |
| Lesions or disease processes that alter the function of UMN and LMN result in what types of dysfunction? | Muscle tone and strength. | |
| Wasting of muscle present: UMN or LMN? | LMN. | |
| Plantar reflex (babinski) present: UMN or LMN? | UMN. | |
| Fasciculations present: UMN or LMN? | LMN. | |
| Clonus present: UMN or LMN? | UMN. | |
| Tone NOT increased: UMN or LMN? | LMN. | |
| Increased tendon reflexes: UMN or LMN? | UMN. | |
| Weakness segmental, in nerve, or distal pattern: UMN or LMN? | LMN. | |
| Weakness in pyramidal pattern with clumsiness: UMN or LMN? | UMN. | |
| Decrease or absent tendon reflexes: UMN or LMN? | LMN. | |
| Tone increased: UMN or LMN? | UMN. | |
| Clonus absent: UMN or LMN? | LMN. | |
| Fasciculations NOT present: UMN or LMN? | UMN. | |
| No plantar reflex: UMN or LMN? | LMN | |
| Wasting of muscle NOT present: UMN or LMN? | UMN. |
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