Vision
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| What are the three layers of the eye? | Corneoscleral (outer), Uvea (middle), and retina (inner). | |
| What makes up the corneoscleral layer? | The cornea and the sclera. | |
| Define cornea. | Transparent light focusing surface of the eye, innervated by CN V ophthalmic branch. | |
| Define sclera. | White of the eye, provide cover for eye contents and is insertion point for the extraocular muscles, part of the dura mater. | |
| What are the subdivisions of the uvea? | The choroid, iris, and ciliary body. | |
| Define choroid. | Surrounded by sheath of pia-arachnoid, contains blood vessels for eye. | |
| Define iris. | Colored par of the eye that divides it into anterior and posterior chamber. | |
| Define ciliary body. | Located behind the iris, external layer is the ciliary muscle that changes the shape of the lens which it is attached. | |
| Explain the concept of electrotonic conduction in the retinal neurons. | In rods and cones, light is converted into electrical inpulses (not action potentials) which allows for graded conduction of a signal. | |
| How do rods contribute to vision? | Receptor cells that mediate light perception, low acuity with good perception of contrasts, used in nocturnal vision, found in periphery (not in fovea) and specialized for peripheral vision. | |
| How do cones contribute to vision? | Receptor cells that mediate color vision, high acuity, function well in bright light, fovea only contains cones. | |
| Define macula. | The central part of the retina which contains the fovea. | |
| Define fovea. | Central part of the macula, where images are focused for most accurate visual acuity, composed only of cones. | |
| What is the purpose of bipolar cells? | 1st order sensory neurons, connect receptor cells to ganglion cells. | |
| What is the purpose of ganglion cells? | 2nd order sensory neurons that synapse with bipolar cells whose axons leave the retina to form the optic nerve. | |
| What are the three types of ganglion cells? | W, X, and Y. | |
| What is the purpose of the W ganglion cells? | Detect directional movement anywhere in the field, responsible for night vision, excited by rods. |
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