Vision 4
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| What is the VOR pathway? | Semicircular canals/otoliths to vestibular nerve to vestibular nuclei, to MLF to CN III, IV, & VI to coordinate gaze as head moves. | |
| Problems with the VOR can lead to what disorder? | Nystagmus. | |
| Why might you evaluate the integrity of the VOR? | May indicate injury to brainstem. | |
| What is the primary area of control for saccadic eye movements? | Prefrontal eye fields (area 8) and paramedian pontine reticular formation. | |
| What is the primary communication tract for saccadic eye movements? | The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). | |
| What elements of the brain are involved in horizontal saccadic movements? | Prefrontal eye fields (area 8), paramedian pontine reticular formation, caudate nucleus, and substantia nigra of basal ganglia. | |
| What elements of the brain are involved in downward saccadic movements? | Prefrontal eye fields (area 8), paramedian pontine reticular formation, and the reticular interstitial nuclei. | |
| What elements of the brain are involved in upward saccadic movements? | Prefrontal eye fields (area 8), paramedian pontine reticular formation, interstitial nucleus of cajal. | |
| Identify the relationship between the vestibular system and the optic (vestibulo-ocular) system. | Optic system generates eye movement in response to motion of head/body detected by vestibular, helps maintain balance and prevents image from moving away from the fovea. | |
| Explain the concept of Horner’s syndrome and its relationship to the human eye. | Loss of sympathetic stimulation due to a cervical sympathetic chain deficit, causes persistently constricted pupil, drooping of the smooth muscle in the eyelid (ptosis), blood vessels persistently dilated, anhydrosis (no sweating). | |
| Define emmetropia. | Normal vision. | |
| Define hyperopia. | Image falls behind retina. | |
| Define myopia. | Image falls in front of the retina. | |
| Define bitemporal hemianopsia. | Lesion of optic chiasm causes loss of vision in temporal halves of both visual fields, only lesion in the visual system that causes a non-homonymous deficit in vision, one lesion causes a deficit in two different parts of visual field. | |
| Define homonymous hemianopsia. | Loss of vision in the same visual field of both eyes. | |
| Define Argyll Robertson pupil. | Pupil does not respond to light but does respond to accommodation (syphilis). | |
| Define caloric test. | The clinical test for nystagmus, COWS = cold opposite, warm same. |
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