Auditory System 2
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| What is the pattern of vibration along the basilar membrane for low frequency sounds? | Activates the hair cells at the apex of the cochlea. | |
| What are two ways sound can be conveyed? | Air or bone conduction. | |
| Describe the pathway for hearing. | Handout page C. | |
| Identify the nerve that is involved with the responses to sound in the human ear. | VIII | |
| What is the role of the superior olivary nucleus in hearing? | Sound localization and binaural processing. | |
| What is the role of the inferior colliculus in hearing? | Major auditory center, fibers are organized in a tonotopic pattern: different tones go to different part. | |
| Describe the role of collaterals in hearing. | Assist in auditory reflexes to sound. | |
| Which tract is utilized for response to loud sounds? | The reticular activation system. | |
| Projections from the inferior and superior colliculus synapse with which tract to mediate audiovisual reflexes? | Tectospinal, response of head and neck to sound. | |
| Define auditory palpebral reflex. | Blinking of the eyes in response to a sound. | |
| Define auditory occulogyric reflex. | Deviation of the eyes in the direction of a sound. | |
| Define cochleopupillary reflex. | Constriction of the eyes followed by dilation of the eyes in response to a loud sound. | |
| Damage to the primary auditory cortices has what effect? | Reduces sensitivity of hearing, damage to one cortex has little effect based on amount of collateral connections. | |
| Damage to the association cortex (Wernike’s) has what effect? | Does not affect hearing, but interpretation and the meaning of the sound that is heard. | |
| Hearing is more lateralized to which hemisphere? | Left. | |
| Singing and musical tone are more lateralized to which hemisphere? | Right. | |
| What are the functions of the temporal lobes in hearing? | Primary area: auditory reception, secondary association area: language comprehension, sound modulation, perception of music. | |
| What are the functions of the parietal lobes in hearing? | Tertiary association area: recognition of auditory input, comprehension of words, interpretation of tones, loudness and timing of words. | |
| Define conduction deafness. | Disruption in sound waves passing through the external or middle ear due to excessive wax buildup, otosclerosis (bone at the oval window), or otitis media. |
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