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| Sex chromosomes | X and Y chromosome, 23rd pair, determines gender | |
| Mutation | change in a gene due to damage or incorrect DNA replication, leads to variations and possible cancer | |
| pedigree | a diagram in which several generation fo a family and the occurrence of a genetic characteristic | |
| sex-linked | trait is located on the sex chromosome, trait occurs more ofter in one gender | |
| autosomal recessive | trait occurs equally in both genders, may skip a generation | |
| adaptation | characteristics in a population allows them to becomes better suited to its emvironment | |
| natural selection | organisms with traits well suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than others | |
| vestigial structures | structures shrunken in size and have no apparent use, example: appendix and tailbone | |
| homologous structures | structures that come from the same from the same structure and have the same function | |
| divergent evolution | a single population that has evolved different characteristics due to environment | |
| convergent evolution | two different species that has evolved to have similar characteristics | |
| Hardy-Weinberg | allele frequencies remain unchange then the population is not evolving (in equilibrium) | |
| 4 requirement for Hardy-Weinberg | random mating, large population size, no mutations, no migration, | |
| gene flow | movement of alleles into or out of a population | |
| directional selection | change in frequency of a gene in one favorable direction | |
| stabilizing selection | average form of a trait is favored and becomes more common | |
| disruptive selection | two extreme forms of a trait are selected for | |
| community | group of different species living together in a particular place | |
| habitat | the physical location where a species lives | |
| producers | organisms that make organic nutrients form the sun | |
| decomposer | organism that feeds on dead organisms | |
| DNA | made of a chain of nucleotides, contains deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, found in nucleus | |
| Nucleotides | contain sugar group, phosphate, nitrogen base | |
| RNA | contains ribose sugar, contains uracil, single stranded, found in nucleus and cytoplasm | |
| Function of tRNA | transfer amino acids to the ribosome | |
| Function of rRNA | makes up the ribosome | |
| Function of mRNA | read the genetic code for the DNA and carries it to the ribosome | |
| translation | protein synthesis that occurs in the ribosome when tRNA brings amino acids over to make a protien chain | |
| transcription | DNA is coded into mRNA in the nucleus | |
| codon | a triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that codes for amino acids | |
| Biogeochemical cycle | elements pass back and forth between reservoirs on the Earth | |
| true-breeding | always produce offspring with only one trait expressed | |
| heredity | passing of traits from parents to offspring | |
| dominant | genetic trait that is expressed when that allele is present | |
| recessive | allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present | |
| punnett square | a graph used to determine the probable outcome of a genetic cross | |
| homozygous | two of the same alleles, RR | |
| Heterozygous | two different alleles, Rr | |
| monohybrid | genetic cross for a single trait | |
| population density | number of a species that live in a unit area | |
| speciation | population diverges and becomes reproductivly isolated | |
| habitat | a place where an organism lives and that provides the things an organism needs | |
| biotic factor | non-living things such as weather, water, soil, energy | |
| competition | struggle for limited resources between organisms for existence | |
| Ecological Organization Levels | Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism |
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