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Sex chromosomes X and Y chromosome, 23rd pair, determines gender  
Mutation change in a gene due to damage or incorrect DNA replication, leads to variations and possible cancer  
pedigree a diagram in which several generation fo a family and the occurrence of a genetic characteristic  
sex-linked trait is located on the sex chromosome, trait occurs more ofter in one gender  
autosomal recessive trait occurs equally in both genders, may skip a generation  
adaptation characteristics in a population allows them to becomes better suited to its emvironment  
natural selection organisms with traits well suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than others  
vestigial structures structures shrunken in size and have no apparent use, example: appendix and tailbone  
homologous structures structures that come from the same from the same structure and have the same function  
divergent evolution a single population that has evolved different characteristics due to environment  
convergent evolution two different species that has evolved to have similar characteristics  
Hardy-Weinberg allele frequencies remain unchange then the population is not evolving (in equilibrium)  
4 requirement for Hardy-Weinberg random mating, large population size, no mutations, no migration,  
gene flow movement of alleles into or out of a population  
directional selection change in frequency of a gene in one favorable direction  
stabilizing selection average form of a trait is favored and becomes more common  
disruptive selection two extreme forms of a trait are selected for  
community group of different species living together in a particular place  
habitat the physical location where a species lives  
producers organisms that make organic nutrients form the sun  
decomposer organism that feeds on dead organisms  
DNA made of a chain of nucleotides, contains deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, found in nucleus  
Nucleotides contain sugar group, phosphate, nitrogen base  
RNA contains ribose sugar, contains uracil, single stranded, found in nucleus and cytoplasm  
Function of tRNA transfer amino acids to the ribosome  
Function of rRNA makes up the ribosome  
Function of mRNA read the genetic code for the DNA and carries it to the ribosome  
translation protein synthesis that occurs in the ribosome when tRNA brings amino acids over to make a protien chain  
transcription DNA is coded into mRNA in the nucleus  
codon a triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that codes for amino acids  
Biogeochemical cycle elements pass back and forth between reservoirs on the Earth  
true-breeding always produce offspring with only one trait expressed  
heredity passing of traits from parents to offspring  
dominant genetic trait that is expressed when that allele is present  
recessive allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present  
punnett square a graph used to determine the probable outcome of a genetic cross  
homozygous two of the same alleles, RR  
Heterozygous two different alleles, Rr  
monohybrid genetic cross for a single trait  
population density number of a species that live in a unit area  
speciation population diverges and becomes reproductivly isolated  
habitat a place where an organism lives and that provides the things an organism needs  
biotic factor non-living things such as weather, water, soil, energy  
competition struggle for limited resources between organisms for existence  
Ecological Organization Levels Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism  

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