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| Allele | Alternative form of a gene | |
| Antigens | As used in this book, proteins that occur on the blood cells of an individual | |
| Codominance | Codominant Alleles are alleles that, when paired in an organism, are both expressed (either additively or distinctively) | |
| Crossing Over | The exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division | |
| Founder Effect | A case in which a newly isolated sample from the original population soon diverges genetically from the parent population | |
| Gamete | sex cells (sperm or ova) that contain half od the chromosomes of the adult of that species | |
| Gene Flow | A movement of genes from one population to another | |
| Gene Pool | The total complement of genes in a population | |
| Genotype | The genetic constitution (gene makeup) of an organism | |
| Heterozygous | Having one dominant and one recessive allele | |
| Homozygous | Having either two dominant or two recessive alleles paired together | |
| Locus | Location on a chromosome for a particular trait | |
| Phenotype | Characteristics of an indivisual visually observed or discernable by other means | |
| Meiosis | The process of cell division that results in half of the full complement of chromosomes for gametes, or sex cells | |
| Mitosis | Cell replication and division in which he two resulting cells each have a full complement of genetic information | |
| Mitochondrial DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid that occurs outside the nucleus of the cell, in the mitochondria, and is therefore passed from generation to generation only by females | |
| Mutation | An actual alteration in genetic material. This is the basic creative force in evolution and the only way to produce entirely new variation in a population. This is a change in DNA. | |
| Nucleotide | One genetic base attached to a sugar and phosphate group | |
| Sex-linked | genes that occur on the chromosomes that determine an individual's sex | |
| Somatic Cell | any cells forming the body of an organism, as opposed to gametes | |
| The 4 bases of DNA & how they pair up | GC (Guanine and Cytosine) & AT (Adenine and Thymine) | |
| The 4 factors that produce & redistribute variation in a population | Gene Drift, Gene Flow, Mutation, Recombination | |
| Gene Drift | change in the relative frequency with which a gene variant (allele) occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance | |
| Recombination | Process by which a strand of genetic material (usually DNA; but can also be RNA) is broken and then joined to a different DNA molecule. This creates new combinations of genes on chromosomes and does not change gene frequency. | |
| 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis are... | 1. Mitosis creates identical copies of cells whereas meiosis creates sex cells that have only half a complement, 2. mitosis divides one nucleus into 2; meiosis splits 2 into 4, 3. Mitoses conserves chromosome number; meisois reduces it in half from diploid to haploid | |
| The 2 main differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis are... | 1. spermatogenesis creates 4 sperm cells, but oogenesis creates only one functional egg cell, 2. Sperm is produced throught the male life, but eggs are already established | |
| spermatogenesis | process by which male spermatogonia develop into mature male gametes | |
| oogenesis | The creation of an ovum (egg cell); it is the female process of gametogenesis | |
| In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, q is representative of | recessive alleles | |
| In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, q^2 is representative of | recessive population | |
| In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, p is representative of | dominant alleles | |
| In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, p^2 is representative of | dominant population | |
| In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, pq is representative of | heterozygous alleles |
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