Proteins
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| Name the 7 functions of proteins. | enzymes, antibodies, hormones, transport agents, structural material. | |
| What is the structure of an Amino Acid? | A carboxyl group connected to a carbon thats connected to a variable functional group, a hydrogen, and an amino group. | |
| How many types of amino acids are their? How many does the human body make naturally? | 20 and 10 | |
| What is the primary structure? | The smallest level of structure in a protein, the order of amino acids in the chain. | |
| What is the secondary structure? | Secondary structure decides whether the chain is pleated or coiled. Formed by the interaction of hydrogen bonds. | |
| What is the Tertiary structure? | The result of the reactions of variable groups in a polypeptide chain. Tertiary structure is the level that makes a protein functional. Forms a complex shape. | |
| What is Quaternary structure? | Two or more Polypeptide chains form weak bonds. | |
| How does primary structure affect the shape of the protein? | The primary sructure affects the variable groups which changes the shape of the protein, since certain variable groups are attractive to one another and certain ones are repellant. | |
| How does sickle cell form? | Sickle cell forms when the normal 6th amino acid in a hemoglobin chain is changed from glutemate to valine. This affects the whole structure of the protein. | |
| How does a person get sickle cell? | A person must have two mutated protein genes in order to be born with sickle cell. | |
| What does sickle cell do? | It's unusual shape can cause clogging of capillaries. | |
| What is Denaturation? | Denaturation is the process of a polypeptide chain reshaping, unfolding or uncoiling. Denaturation results in the loss of the original function for the protein and is often irreversible. | |
| What are Nucleotides? | A nucleotide consists of a pentose sugar, Ribose or deoxyribose, a base, and a phosphate group. | |
| Describe the structure of ATP. What makes it able to hold so energy? | ATP is a Nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups attached to the sugar. The phosphate groups hold energy because when the bond is released it is like a loaded spring. The phosphate group repels because of the 3 negative charged O's | |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenine Triphosphate. | |
| What is ADP? | ADP is an ATP molecule without one phosphate group. | |
| What is Cellular Respiration? | To make an ADP into ATP, a phosphate group is added on to ATP. | |
| How many reactions can be fueled by 1 glucose? | 36 | |
| What are purines? | Purines are Adenine and guanine. Both Purines consist of 2 carbon rings of 6 and 5 carbons. Purines form weak bonds with pyrimidines to form the double helix of DNA. | |
| What are Pyrimidines? | The 3 pyrimidines are Cytozene Thiamine, and Uricil. Thiamine is only found in DNA and Uricil is found in RNA. all are 6 carbon shaped. | |
| What is the function of DNA? | DNA contains the instructions to build proteins and run cells in the genes. | |
| What is the function of RNA? | RNA carries out the instructions of DNA. | |
| What does 5' or 5 prime mean. | It is the type of ending in a nucleic acid with the sugar at the end. | |
| what is 3 prime? | The nucleic acid ends in a phosphate group. | |
| What is a Peptide bond. | A bond between 2 amino acids that eventually can create chains called polypeptide chains. | |
| PH levels what is acidic, what is a base? | 1-6 is acid, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is a base. | |
| What are the types of Variable groups? | Variable groups can be Polar or Non - Polar. (Polar is Hydrophilic) Negatively charged or positively charged.(Electrons are negatively charged, protons are positive.) | |
| What is a substraight? | A substraight is the point at which 2 molecules react. (Hydrolosis or condensation) | |
| What is the Active Sight? | The active sight is the point at an Enzyme that draws the molecule or molecules together and forces the reaction. | |
| How do positive and negative charges affect protein shapes? | Positive charge near a negative charge will pleat because they are attracted, two positives will coil. | |
| How can enzymes break down hydrogen peroxide? | 2 molecules of hydrogen peroxide can break down int two waters and one oxygen. (H2O2 + H2O2 = H20 + H20 + O2) | |
| What are the 3 types of RNA? | tRNA, rRNA and mRNA |
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